Masterful Artwork: Portraits of Namo Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva

In the history of painting in China, many renowned artists have used Namo Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva as a subject for their works. These artistic images are beloved by the people because the Bodhisattva is a symbol of compassion. These exalted artistic images subtly influence the inner world of generations, inspiring and shaping the soul of the nation.

The Mogao Caves in Dunhuang are the largest and most well-preserved repository of Buddhist art in China and the world. Among the murals in the Mogao Caves, there are masterpieces of Namo Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva created by painters over the ages, including images of the Water-Moon Guanyin, the White-Robed Guanyin, and the Eleven-Faced Guanyin. It is said that this treasure trove of painting art contains works by masters like Gu Kaizhi and others from various dynasties.

In 1940 Zhang Daqian led a group of artists to the caves of Mogao (莫高) and Yulin (榆林) for the purpose of copying their Buddhist wall paintings. The group completed over 200 paintings, and the experience left Zhang with a repository of religious imagery. He was so captivated by these unparalleled treasures that his original plan to stay for three months extended to two years, during which he dedicated himself to studying and copying the artworks. Today, his paintings of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva are acclaimed as rare and invaluable masterpieces.

The early Tang Dynasty portrait copied by Zhang Daqian is a national first-class cultural relic
Tang Dynasty murals copied by Zhang Daqian
Mid-Tang Dynasty portrait in the Mogao Caves, copied by Zhang Daqian

At  International Art Museum of America, there is a painting of Namo Guan Shi Yin Bodhisattva by H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III that left a profound impression on me. The portrait is stunningly beautiful, executed with fine brush strokes characteristic of traditional Chinese painting. The artist used very fine and intricate strokes, rendering every detail vividly and perfectly. I could clearly see the hair, the crown, the intricate jewelry, and even the delicate patterns of the flowing ribbons. These details express the painter’s portrayal of Guan Shi Yin Bodhisattva’s meticulous compassion and love for all living beings. The entire portrait appears lifelike, exuding infinite grace, and showcasing the artist’s extraordinary skill, which is beyond perfection.

In this meticulous painting, Namo Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva is depicted wearing white garments, with a serene and compassionate expression, seemingly walking gracefully accompanied by heavenly music. The Bodhisattva’s face is as delicate as powdered jade, with elegant eyebrows and red lips, and eyes that are reserved yet radiate a light of compassion.

The Bodhisattva’s jewelry, including jade pendants, appears to emit a pleasant chime, and the pink and dark green lotus flowers beneath the feet exude a fragrant aroma. The colorful ribbons on the clothing flutter and dance in the gentle breeze. The entire painting exudes an extraordinary and majestic aura. For hundreds of years, the children of China have dreamed countless times of Namo Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, as if the Bodhisattva is walking toward us from the vast universe.

Upon closer inspection, one can see that within the Bodhisattva’s hair, there is a small figure of Namo Amitabha Buddha, seated with a solemn and exquisite demeanor, wearing a red robe and sitting on a pink and white lotus platform.

The dark green lotus beneath the Bodhisattva’s left foot, the dark blue floral borders on the clothing, and the flowing black hair form a dynamic contrast with the light yellow-brown background and the white robe. The painting uses a large area of light yellow-brown as the background to highlight the pure and elegant clothing, with bright colors as decorative accents. This creates a composition that is both solemn and sacred, yet luxurious.

The Bodhisattva’s attire occupies a significant portion of the painting. If not handled well, it could make the painting appear empty and lifeless. However, the exceptional artist has seized this opportunity, infusing the clothing with a great amount of high-quality ink and brushwork while maintaining overall brightness. The lively and intricate lines are sometimes like flowing clouds and water, sometimes like gentle clouds, sometimes as soft as a summer breeze, and sometimes as powerful as a rushing waterfall. The interweaving lines, though densely packed, are orderly and harmonious. This extraordinary line drawing technique vividly captures the delicate texture of the gauzy fabric. Lines are the earliest form of language in the history of painting and the soul and framework of meticulous figure painting. As a vital expression in Chinese painting, “lines” have always been highly valued by painters throughout the ages.

H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III‘s meticulous figure painting uses lines that are flexible and varied, not only vividly portraying the image of Namo Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva but also precisely conveying the Bodhisattva’s noble and pure spiritual essence. This technique of capturing the divine through form has been the artistic ideal that painters have longed for throughout history. Therefore, this great painting by Namo Qiang Buddha is destined to become a model for future generations to learn from and an immortal classic passed down through the ages.

This great artwork not only provides people with artistic enjoyment but also offers a profound spiritual experience. I stood in front of the painting for a long time, feeling as if I were leaving behind all worldly affairs and immersing myself in the Bodhisattva’s boundless compassion forever.

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2024/05/31/masterful-artwork-portraits-of-namo-avalokitesvara-bodhisattva/

#GuanShiYinBodhisattva#MasterWanKoYee #DorjeChangBuddhaIII #HHDorjeChangBuddhaIII#DorjeChangBuddha#IAMA#InternationalArtMuseumofAmerica#AvalokitasvaraBodhisattva#ChinesePainting#Portrait#Art

The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer

The Most Perfect Continuous Mural in the Dunhuang Mogao Caves

“The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King” is the main theme of the murals in Cave 257 of the Mogao Caves. It unfolds in a long horizontal scroll, narrating many stories from the past life of the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama.

Legend has it that long ago, on the banks of the Ganges River in India, there lived a beautiful and kind nine-colored deer king (the previous incarnation of Siddhartha Gautama)…

One day, as the nine-colored deer king was leisurely strolling by the river, he suddenly heard a pitiful cry from the water. Without hesitation, the brave nine-colored deer leaped into the river, risking its own safety, and rescued the drowning person. The saved individual, overwhelmed with gratitude for a second chance at life, repeatedly bowed in thanks to the nine-colored deer.

The nine-colored deer king said, “No need for thanks; just go on your way. My only request is that you do not reveal my whereabouts to anyone.” The drowning person solemnly swore, “Kind benefactor, rest assured. If I ever betray this promise, may my body be covered in sores and my mouth emit a foul odor.” With that, the person departed.

Before long, the queen of that country dreamt of a deer—one with nine colors and silver-like antlers. She told the king about her dream and requested that he order the capture of such a deer. She had a strong desire to use its colorful hide for clothing and its antlers for earrings. Consequently, the king issued a proclamation and offered a substantial reward.

Upon seeing the proclamation, the person who had been saved reported to the king, leading soldiers to the mountain to hunt down the nine-colored deer.

When the nine-colored deer was surrounded by the king’s troops… it spotted the person it had rescued from drowning, tears of sorrow welled up in its eyes…

The nine-colored deer leaped in front of the king and recounted the story of how it had saved the person from drowning and how that person had broken his promise. The king and the soldiers were deeply moved by the deer’s account. The king ordered the soldiers to clear a path, allowing the nine-colored deer to regain its freedom. He also issued a decree: “From now on, people are not allowed to shoot deer.”

As for the person who had broken his promise, in an instant, sores covered his body, and a foul odor emanated from his mouth. From that moment on, he was despised and reviled by the people.

The story of the nine-colored deer is vividly portrayed in Cave 257 of the Dunhuang Grottoes, which is what we now see as “The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King.” While the mural is not particularly large in size, it holds significant importance in Chinese art history.

This artwork takes the form of a horizontal scroll with the story unfolding from both ends and converging in the middle. It consists of multiple scenes depicting various stages of the story, such as its origin, development, climax, and conclusion, all seamlessly connected to create a cohesive narrative.

“The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King” is composed of nine panels, illustrating five key plot points: the person drowning, the nine-colored deer rescuing the drowning person, the drowning person expressing gratitude to the deer, the queen’s desire to capture the deer, the informant revealing the deer’s whereabouts to the king, and the confrontation between the king and the deer.

The story progresses from both ends of the mural towards the center, placing the pivotal conversation between the king and the deer in the middle. This unique composition style captures the essence of continuous horizontal scroll art from the Wei and Jin dynasties, showcasing the distinctive historical aesthetics of the era.

In the artwork, the depiction of mountains, rocks, and rivers occupies a significant portion. The rendering of the landscape primarily serves to fill the space and delineate the composition, providing a brief description of the specific environment, thereby enhancing the visual impact of the artwork and its storytelling function.

“The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King” places the climax of the story—the moment when the nine-colored deer recounts the events—at the center of the composition. At the same time, both nine-colored deer on the left and right sides turn their bodies toward the center, serving as visual guides.

This is precisely the turning point in the storyline of the nine-colored deer, where the drowning person’s affliction receives its retribution. It places the Buddhist concept of rewarding goodness and punishing evil at the visual forefront, narrating the sequence of events step by step to gradually reveal the story’s progression to the viewer.

The entire process is rhythmic, marked by the ebb and flow of the narrative, skillfully aligning the chronological order with the spatial arrangement, showcasing the artist’s unique conceptualization of the composition.

In terms of color usage, “The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King” appears to be very vibrant, but in reality, it uses a limited color palette, consisting of only six colors. The earthy red color dominates the entire painting, which is a prominent color characteristic of the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties period.

Complementing this are touches of stone blue and stone green, along with the harmonious blending of black, white, and gray. This blending softens the strong contrast between earthy red and stone green and blue, achieving a harmonious contrast of warm and cool tones. At the same time, it also accentuates the brightness of contrasting colors.

The introduction of Buddhism had a significant impact on the development of portraiture in China, introducing a set of strict conventions for Buddhist iconography. During the Northern Wei dynasty, the Dunhuang murals began to emphasize body proportions and adopted more attention to three-dimensionality after incorporating color shading techniques.

In “The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King,” most of the figures on the canvas have slender bodies, with their clothing belts fluttering in the wind. Their gestures and movements exude a graceful dance-like elegance, evoking the style of figures that “float like wandering dragons and are delicate as startled swans.”

In the murals of the Northern Wei period in Dunhuang, Jataka stories are an important theme. Jataka stories refer to the countless events and experiences in the past lives of Siddhartha Gautama, who would later become the founder of Buddhism. In history, there are numerous Jataka stories related to Siddhartha Gautama.

Within Buddhist art themes, there are many Jataka story paintings, and “The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King” is just one of them. Story paintings are used to promote the Buddhist concept of karmic retribution and to praise the spirit of self-sacrifice displayed by the Nine-Colored Deer King.

In reality, all Jataka paintings ultimately convey one message: that by performing good deeds, selflessly giving, and enduring hardships, one can achieve positive outcomes, whereas engaging in wrongful actions will lead to self-destruction.

The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/10/02/the-story-of-the-nine-colored-deer/

#SiddharthaGautama #SakymuniBuddha #JatakaStories #BuddhistStories #MoralStory #Mural #Dunhuang #MogaoCaves #Grottoes #Buddhism #ChineseCulture #Art #karmicRetribution #Paintings

Source: https://www.toutiao.com/article/7025418785972847140/?ug_source=seo_juhe, https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/346828893

A Jataka Tale Depicted by Art

The complete Prince Mahasattva jataka tale mural. Mogao Cave 428. Northern Zhou, 557-581 CE. Dunhuang. Image courtesy of the Dunhuang Academy

Prince Mahasattva

Jataka tales are fascinating narratives that shed light on the past lives of the Buddha. These captivating stories unveil the incarnations preceding Prince Siddhartha Gautama’s birth and illustrate the ways in which he accumulated virtuous karma through selfless acts of sacrifice.

Before his existence as Prince Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha’s soul had already amassed immense virtue from numerous previous lifetimes, embodying various selfless beings.

One remarkable representation of these Jataka tales can be found in a Dunhuang mural. Located on the eastern wall of Mogao Cave 428, this mural intricately portrays a renowned Jataka tale featuring Prince Mahasattva. The entire narrative is depicted across three registers, capturing the essence of the story within its captivating artwork.

Detail of the three princes paying their respects to the king and queen before they leave for the forest. First register, right section. Mogao Cave 428. Northern Zhou, 557-581 CE. Dunhuang. Image courtesy of the Dunhuang Academy.

The mural commences on the right-hand side of the first register, where a captivating scene unfolds. Three young men, their hands pressed together in a gesture of genuflection, kneel before a majestic blue pagoda. Inside the pagoda, two figures exuding regal aura can be identified as the king and queen, bidding a heartfelt farewell to their sons, the three young men.

As the story progresses, the mural transitions to subsequent scenes, unveiling the brothers’ journey into the forest for a hunting expedition. Within this vibrant forest setting, an array of deer and tigers roam, coexisting with the majestic presence of towering trees and majestic mountain ranges. The undulating mountains, adorned with a multitude of colors, gracefully assume a smaller scale compared to the trees, animals, and human figures, harmoniously framing each scene of the narrative.

Detail of the three princes hunting in the forest. First register, middle section. Mogao Cave 428. Northern Zhou, 557-581 CE. Dunhuang. Image courtesy of the Dunhuang Academy.

The story unfolds on the second register, commencing from the left-hand side. As the three brothers venture deeper into the forest, they eventually dismount from their horses, seeking respite at the foothills of towering mountains.

While taking a moment to rest, the brothers catch sight of a tigress accompanied by seven adorable cubs. The tigress is portrayed with her mouth agape, and her painted figure exudes a somber aura with limbs hanging low. Her gaze fixates upon the playful cubs frolicking around her, creating an illusion of impending maternal aggression, as if she were poised to devour her own offspring.

Detail of the starving tigress and her baby cubs. Second register, middle-left section. Mogao Cave 428. Northern Zhou, 557-581 CE. Dunhuang. Image courtesy of the Dunhuang Academy.

The brothers convene to discuss the matter of the tigress. Not wanting to watch a mother devour her own children, the brothers resolve to help her find food. However, there does not appear to be any food nearby.

Prince Mahasattva suddenly comes up with an idea. He keeps it to himself and tells his two brothers to leave the forest to find some food while he stays behind to watch over the tigers.

After his brothers leave, Prince Mahasattva strips off his clothes and lies down in front of the tigress, offering himself to the tigress. He decides to offer himself as food for the tigress so that she wouldn’t have to eat her own children. 

The tigress sniffs at his body but makes no move to harm him even though she is starving.

When we offer help to someone and they are unable to accept what is offered, it’s a chance for us to feel good about having attempted goodness without losing anything. We can think to ourselves, well, we tried to help. In the case of Prince Mahasattva, he understood that good intentions alone would not save a life. It would take determined and complete self-sacrifice to save the tigers.

Realizing that the tigers will not eat him alive, Prince Mahasattva climbs to the edge of a cliff, cuts open his neck and throws himself off the ledge. With his neck bleeding profusely, his body drops in front of the tigress and her cubs. At Prince Mahasattva’s second attempt to offer his body, the tigers devour him as nourishment.

Detail of the Prince Mahasattva’s sacrifices to the tigers. Second register, right section. Mogao Cave 428. Northern Zhou, 557-581 CE. Dunhuang. Image courtesy of the Dunhuang Academy.

Snaking across and down the three registers, the story continues on the third register by beginning on the right-hand side again. Prince Mahasattva’s brothers return and they understand what happened in their absence when they see the bones left behind by the tigress and her cubs.

The brothers’ bodies contort across the scene in shock, anguish, and grief in reaction to the death of their third sibling.

Detail of the grieving brothers and their return to the palace. Third register. Mogao Cave 428. Northern Zhou, 557-581 CE. Dunhuang. Image courtesy of the Dunhuang Academy.

The two brothers practically fly back to the palace on their horses to tell the king about what happened to Prince Mahasattva. 

The story actually ends on the topmost right corner of this image, returning to the place where the two princes found their brother’s corpse. After reporting to the king, the family builds a stupa over Prince Mahasattva’s bones and hair to commemorate his selfless actions.

Detail of the brothers building a stupa over Prince Mahasattva’s remains. Third register. Mogao Cave 428. Northern Zhou, 557-581 CE. Dunhuang. Image courtesy of the Dunhuang Academy.

Many of the Mogao caves at Dunhuang have central pillars that take after the stupa form.

Scholars have theorized that worshippers could have circumambulated these central pillars inside the Mogao caves at Dunhuang as one would do around stupas in the open air.

The central pillar in Mogao Cave 428. Northern Zhou dynasty. 557-581 CE. Dunhuang. Image courtesy of the Dunhuang Academy.

Prince Mahasattva

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/06/09/a-jataka-tale-depicted-by-art/

#PrinceMahasattva #Mural #Dunhuang#MogaoCave #BuddhistTeaching #BuddhistSutra #BuddhistTales #moralstories #Buddha #Jatakastories #BuddhistWisdom #BuddhistWisdomforChildrenandParents #Jatakatales

Source: http://dunhuangfoundation.us/blog