Tag: moralstories

A Beautiful Love Story Carved in the Dunhuang Grotto China

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Prince Sunwoo ventured into the sea in search of treasures

In the ancient Dunhuang Grottoes of China, a mesmerizing love story unfolds, delicately captured in murals that have withstood the test of time. Let us immerse ourselves in this enchanting tale of kindness, courage, and wisdom.

Once upon a time, in the Kingdom of Polo, a joyous occasion marked the birth of a prince named Sunwoo. Born to the noble king and queen after twelve years of fervent prayers, the young prince brought immense happiness to the royal family.

As Sunwoo grew, so did his wisdom and kindness. His presence was a beacon of light, radiating love and compassion. However, alongside him was a stepbrother, an evil friend, whose heart harbored jealousy and resentment towards the virtuous prince.

The tale takes an unexpected turn when Sunwoo, driven by a desire to alleviate the suffering of his people, embarks on a perilous journey to seek treasures from the sea. His selflessness touches the hearts of many, but it also ignites the envy of his malevolent stepbrother.

Prince Sunwoo accompanied by 500 volunteers to search for treasur

Guided by an elderly instructor and accompanied by 500 volunteers, Sunwoo reaches Haizhou Jumbo Island. As he ventures further, facing challenges and loss, he encounters the benevolent Dragon King, who grants him the priceless Ruyi pearl.

Prince Sunwoo and his team sailed across the ocean

Meanwhile, back in the Kingdom of Polo, Sunwoo’s absence is keenly felt. His parents, yearning for his return, send a white goose as a messenger. The devoted goose delivers a letter revealing the Prince’s dire circumstances.

As Sunwoo’s journey unfolds, his evil stepbrother, fearing Sunwoo’s increased popularity upon return, decides to sabotage him. The malicious act blinds Sunwoo, leaving him vulnerable and alone.

In his darkest hour, a compassionate cowherd boy comes to Sunwoo’s aid. Unaware of his royal identity, the boy rescues Sunwoo and becomes his loyal companion, leading him back to the kingdom.

The love story takes an unexpected twist when the blind Sunwoo, reduced to a beggar, meets a kind princess during his wanderings. The princess was very touched by Sunwoo’s music. Her genuine affection and determination to marry him, despite societal norms, lead to a grand wedding.

In a poignant moment, the princess, deeply in love, makes a solemn vow. She promises to restore Sunwoo’s sight if her love is true and vows to take away her own eyes if she ever betrays him. Miraculously, her unwavering love restores one of Sunwoo’s eyes.

The narrative weaves through twists and turns, revealing the complex interplay of good and evil, karma, and ultimate redemption. Sunwoo’s evil stepbrother, realizing the consequences of his actions, repents and reveals the hidden Ruyi pearl.

In a grand reunion, Sunwoo’s parents regain their sight, and the entire kingdom is bathed in prosperity. The murals in Dunhuang and Kaihua Temple immortalize this timeless love story, showcasing not only the artistic brilliance of ancient China but also the enduring power of kindness and virtue.

As we reflect on this captivating tale, may it inspire us to embrace compassion, navigate life’s challenges with wisdom, and believe in the transformative power of love and redemption. The Dunhuang Grottoes stand as a testament to the rich tapestry of human stories etched in history, inviting us to cherish the enduring lessons embedded in their ancient walls.

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2024/02/08/a-beautiful-love-story-carved-in-the-dunhuang-grotto-china/

#DunhuangGrottes #Murals #AcientArts

Source: photos from http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/08/09/ARTIoQSmgcAEjtx5j0cLVoos200809.shtml, https://www.sohu.com/a/334453850_120259260#google_vignette

Embracing the Spirit of Christmas

linda changLeave a comment

A Reflection on the 1914 Christmas Truce

In the midst of the First World War, a remarkable event occurred that transcended the boundaries of conflict and highlighted the true essence of Christmas – the Christmas Truce of 1914. As we celebrate this joyous season, it’s essential to reflect on the lessons of compassion, love, and humanity that emerged during that extraordinary moment in history.

“It will be over by Christmas.” This false assurance echoed among the 60 million soldiers sent to the battlefront, exposing the grim reality that war does not adhere to predetermined timelines. The soldiers found themselves entrenched along the Western Front, living in harsh conditions, mere meters away from their adversaries.

Despite the hostility of war, the spirit of Christmas prevailed on that fateful Christmas Eve. German troops, unwrapping gifts from home and lighting lanterns along their trenches, initiated a surprising turn of events. Carol singing broke out, and soon British and French troops joined in, bridging the gap between enemies.

As Christmas morning dawned, a temporary ceasefire was proposed, and soldiers from both sides cautiously ventured into no man’s land. Greetings, well wishes, and even gifts were exchanged. Spontaneous football matches broke out, demonstrating a shared humanity that transcended the barriers of war.

The Truce of 1914 was not an isolated incident; it was a series of truces involving over 100,000 soldiers across the British-held area of the Western Front. The scale of these impromptu ceasefires is a testament to the universal longing for peace, even in the midst of one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Spontaneous football matches broke out, transforming caps and jackets into makeshift goal posts. Corporal John Ferguson vividly described the scene: “What a sight – little groups of Germans and British extending almost the length of our front! Out of the darkness we could hear laughter and see lighted matches, a German lighting a Scotchman’s cigarette and vice versa, exchanging cigarettes and souvenirs.”

Reflecting on the teachings of Jesus, who implored his disciples to love their neighbors, it becomes apparent that the message transcends religious boundaries. In times of war fueled by religious differences, it is crucial to remember that faith should serve as a source of inspiration for compassion, love, and kindness, irrespective of one’s beliefs.

Similarly, the teachings of Shakyamuni Buddha echo through time, emphasizing the compatibility and mutual respect among religions. The contemporary Buddha, H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III, extends this ethos by acknowledging figures like Jesus Christ as great holy beings. In his Dharma discourses, His Holiness emphasizes the imperative for all Buddhist disciples: “When encountering living beings, regardless of whether they are handicapped, deficient, sick, or healthy, treat them all equally as family members…” His Holiness further calls for global cooperation, transcending religious, cultural, and national boundaries. He underscores the importance of treating each other as dear relatives, emphasizing a collective effort necessary for the peace and auspiciousness of the world.

As we celebrate Christmas today, let us draw inspiration from the Christmas Truce of 1914. In a world where conflicts persist, particularly in places like Gaza, may we strive for peace, understanding, and empathy. Let the spirit of Christmas be a beacon of hope, guiding us towards a future where love triumphs over hatred, and unity prevails over division.

The Christmas Truce of 1914 serves as a timeless reminder that even in the darkest of times, the light of humanity can shine through. As we gather with loved ones during this festive season, may we carry the spirit of Christmas within our hearts and work towards a world where the message of love and peace prevails.

Embracing the Spirit of Christmas: A Reflection on the 1914 Christmas Truce

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/12/20/embracing-the-spirit-of-christmas/

#SpiritofChristmas #Christmas #ChristmasTruce #WorldWarI #Peace#Compassion #Religion #History

Source: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/the-christmas-truce/#:~:text=As%20the%20German%20soldiers%20lit,were%20communicated%20between%20the%20trenches.

THE WISDOM OF QUEEN TENDERHEARTED[LUST]

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66, 251 THE WISDOM OF QUEEN TENDERHEARTED[LUST]

Once upon a time, the Enlightenment Being was born into a rich high-class family in Kasi, in northern India. He grew to young manhood and completed his education. Then he gave up ordinary desires and left the everyday world. He became a holy man and went to live by himself in the Himalayan forests. He meditated for a long time, developed high mental powers, and was filled with inner happiness.

Having run out of salt, one day he came down to the city of Benares. He spent the night in the royal garden. In the morning he washed himself, tied his tangled hair knot on top of his head, and dressed in a black antelope skin. He folded up the robe made of red bark, which he usually wore. Then he went to the city to collect almsfood.

When he arrived at the palace gate, King Brahmadatta was walking back and forth on his terrace. When he saw the humble looking holy man, he thought. There is such a thing as perfect calm, this man must have found it!” He had his servants bring him into the palace.

The holy man was seated on a luxurious couch and was fed the very best foods. He thanked the king. The king said, “You are welcome to live in my royal garden permanently. I will provide the ‘Four Necessities’ — food, clothing, shelter and medicine. In so doing I may gain merit leading to rebirth in a heaven world.”

The holy man accepted this kind offer. He spent the next sixteen years living in the royal garden of Benares. During that time he taught all in the king’s family, and received the Four Necessities from the king.

One day King Brahmadatta decided he must go to a frontier area and put down a revolt. Before leaving he ordered his queen to care for the needs of the holy man. Her name was Queen Tenderhearted.

She prepared food every day for the holy man. Then one day he was late in arriving for his meal. While waiting, Queen Tenderhearted refreshed herself in a perfumed bath, dressed in fine clothes and jewellery, and lay down on the couch.

Meanwhile the Enlightenment Being had been meditating in a particularly joyful mental state. When he realised what time it was, he used the power of his mental purity to fly through the air to the palace.

When Queen Tenderhearted heard the rustling sound made by his bark robe, she rose up suddenly from her couch. In so doing, her blouse accidentally slipped down for a moment — and the holy man glimpsed her from the window as he entered. He was surprised by the unusual sight of the queen’s great beauty.

Desire, which had been subdued but not erased, rose within him. It was just like a cobra rises, spreading his hood, from the basket in which it is kept. His desire lost its purity. He was wounded, like a crow with a broken wing.

The holy man could not eat his food. He took it back to his temple dwelling in the royal garden, and put it under his bed. His mind was enslaved by the sight of the beauty of Queen Tenderhearted. His heart was burning with desire. He remained on his bed, without eating or drinking, for the next seven days.

Finally the king arrived home again. He circled the city and then went directly to see the holy man in the garden temple. Seeing him lying in bed, he thought he was sick. He cleaned out the temple and sat down next to him. He began massaging his feet, and asked, “Reverend sir, what happened to you? Are you sick?”

The holy man replied, “Oh great king, my sickness is that I am caught in the chains of desire.” “What is it you desire?” asked the king. “Queen Tenderhearted, my lord.” “Your reverence,” said the king, “I will give Tenderhearted to you. Come with me.”

When they arrived at the palace, King Brahmadatta had his queen dressed in her finest clothing and jewellery. Then he secretly told her to help the unfortunate holy man regain his purity. She replied. “I know what to do, my lord, I will save him.” Then the king gave her away and she left the palace with the holy man.

After they passed through the main gate she said, “We must have a house to live in. Go back and ask the king for one.” He returned and asked the king for a house. The king gave them a tiny run-down hut that people used as an outhouse.

The holy man took the queen to their new home, but she refused to go inside. He asked her why. She said, “Because it’s filthy! Go back to the king and get a shovel and basket.” He obeyed and when he returned she ordered him to do all the cleaning. He even had to plaster the walls and floor with fresh cow dung!

Then she commanded him to go to the palace and get her a bed. Then a chair. Then a lamp, bed linen, a cooking pot, a water pot. She ordered him to get all these things one at a time, and he obeyed dutifully. She sent him to get water for her bath and many other things. He set out the water for her bath and then made up the bed. Finally they sat down next to each other on the bed. Suddenly she grabbed him by the whiskers, shook him back and forth, pulled him towards her and said, “Don’t you remember that you are a holy man and a priest?”

Only then was he shocked out of his mad infatuation and made to realise who he was. Having regained his self-awareness, he thought, “Oh what a pitiful state I have fallen into. I have been blinded by my desire into becoming a slave. Beginning with only the sight of a woman, this mad craving could lead me into a hell world. My body was burning, as if I’d been shot in the heart with an arrow of desire. But there was no bleeding wound! Not seeing her body as it really was, my own foolishness caused all my suffering!”

Then he spoke out loudly, “On this very day I will return the wise Queen Tenderhearted to the noble King Brahmadatta. Then I will fly back to my forest home!”

After taking her back, he said to the king, “I don’t want your queen anymore. Before I had her, she was my one desire. After I got her, one desire led to another endlessly, leading only to hell.”

The wise Queen Tenderhearted, by using her intelligence and knowledge of life, had given a great gift to the holy man. Rather than taking advantage of his weakness, she had restored his purity.

In perfect calm the Enlightenment Being rose into the air, preached to the king, and then magically flew to the Himalayan forests. He never again returned to the ordinary world. After meditating for years in peace and joy, he died and was reborn in a high heaven world.

The moral is: Desire enslaves, wisdom liberates.

INTERPRETER’S INTRODUCTION – BUDDHIST TALES FOR YOUNG AND OLD, VOLUME 1, STORIES 1-50

Link: https://hhdorjechangbuddhaiiiinfo.com/2023/11/28/66-251-the-wisdom-of-queen-tenderheartedlust/

#Buddhisttalesforyoungandold #Buddhiststories #storiesforkids #moralstories #Buddha #Jatakastories #PansiyaPanasJataka

The transformative story of Angulimala

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A Tale of Compassion and Transformation

The Angulimala Sutta, a captivating narrative from Buddhist scriptures, recounts the remarkable transformation of a blood-thirsty murderer into a compassionate monk under the profound influence of the Buddha. Angulimala, notorious for his brutal killings and a garland of severed fingers, terrorized the realm of King Pasenadi. The tale unfolds during a time when the Buddha, with unwavering compassion, confronted the darkness that shrouded Angulimala’s soul.

Angulimala’s notoriety as a ruthless killer, leaving villages and towns in a state of fear, paints a grim picture of his violent nature. His garland of fingers serves as a gruesome testament to the lives he had taken, making him a symbol of terror and malevolence.

Undeterred by Angulimala’s fearsome reputation, the Buddha ventured into the region where the murderer roamed freely. Despite warnings from locals about the dangers posed by Angulimala, the Buddha calmly continued his journey, determined to confront the source of darkness.

As the Buddha walked towards Angulimala’s lair, the air thick with tension, he encountered the menacing killer. Rather than responding with fear, the Buddha skillfully engaged Angulimala in a dialogue that would alter the course of his life. The Buddha’s words, laden with wisdom and compassion, began to unravel the tightly woven fabric of Angulimala’s violent identity.

In a pivotal moment, as Angulimala sought to chase down the Buddha with murderous intent, the Buddha employed a feat of psychic power. Despite running at full speed, Angulimala found himself unable to catch up with the Buddha walking at a normal pace. This display of supernatural ability left Angulimala astonished and created a space for the transformative dialogue that followed.

Angulimala urgently called out, “Stop, contemplative! Stop!” The Buddha calmly replied, “I have stopped, Angulimala. You stop.”

Perplexed, Angulimala asked, “While walking, contemplative, you say, ‘I have stopped.’ But when I have stopped, you say I haven’t. I ask you the meaning of this: How have you stopped? How haven’t I?”

The Buddha responded, “I have stopped, Angulimala, once and for all, having cast off violence toward all living beings. You, though, are unrestrained toward beings. That’s how I’ve stopped and you haven’t.”

Baffled by the Buddha’s profound words, Angulimala sought clarity on the apparent contradiction. The Buddha’s response not only clarified the cessation of violence within his own heart but also illuminated the unrestrained nature of Angulimala’s actions. This insightful exchange marked the beginning of a transformative journey within Angulimala, planting the seeds of change in his consciousness.

With a heart now inclined towards virtue, Angulimala, in an impromptu moment, requested ordination from the Buddha. The Buddha, recognizing the sincerity of Angulimala’s transformation, granted his request, welcoming him into the community of monks adorned with saffron robes and shaven heads.

Even as Angulimala embraced the monastic life, local villagers, fearing his past atrocities, sought protection from King Pasenadi. The king, in response, assembled an army and approached the monastery. Despite the villagers’ pleas to “stamp him out,” the Buddha’s wisdom paved the way for an unexpected resolution.

When questioned by the Buddha about how he would treat Angulimala if he had truly renounced violence, King Pasenadi underwent a profound transformation. The Buddha’s teachings on discernment and compassion prompted the king to reconsider his stance. Witnessing Angulimala’s monkhood, the king shifted from disbelief to acceptance, vowing to support him on his path to redemption.

The Angulimala Sutta not only narrates the personal transformation of a notorious murderer but also highlights the transformative power of compassion and wisdom. The Buddha’s fearlessness, compassion, and skillful means shattered the shackles of violence that bound Angulimala. Moreover, the sutta portrays the ripple effect of transformation, as even King Pasenadi undergoes a change of heart. This timeless tale serves as an enduring testament to the potential for redemption, forgiveness, and the profound impact of the Buddha’s teachings on even the most deeply entrenched patterns of suffering.

The transformative story of Angulimala

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/11/15/the-transformative-story-of-angulimala/

#AngulimalaSutta #ShakymuniBuddha #Transformation #Compassion #Wisdom #Monk

Source: https://blogs.icrc.org/religion-humanitarianprinciples/a-humanitarian-re-reading-of-the-angulimala-sutta/#:~:text=Moved%20by%20the%20Buddha’s%20words,saffron%20robes%20and%20shaven%20heads.

The Whatnot Tree [Prudence]

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The Whatnot Tree [Prudence]

Once upon a time there was a caravan leader. He went from country to country selling various goods. His caravans usually had at least 500 bullock carts.

On one of these trips his path led through a very thick forest. Before entering it, he called together all the members of the caravan. He warned them, “My friends, when you go through this forest be careful to avoid the poisonous trees, poisonous fruits, poisonous leaves, poisonous flowers and even poisonous honeycombs.

“Therefore, whatever you have not eaten before — whether a fruit, leaf, flower or anything else — must not be eaten without asking me first.” They all said respectfully, “Yes, sir.”

There was a village in the forest. Just outside the village stood a tree called a ‘whatnot tree’. Its trunk, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits look very similar to a mango tree. Even the colour, shape, smell and taste are almost exactly the same as a mango tree. But unlike a mango, the whatnot fruit is a deadly poison!

Some went ahead of the caravan and came upon the whatnot tree. They were all hungry, and the whatnot fruits looked like delicious ripe mangoes. Some started eating the fruits immediately, without thinking at all. They devoured them before anyone could say a word.

Others remembered the leader’s warning, but they thought this was just a different variety of mango tree. They thought they were lucky to find ripe mangoes right next to a village. So they decided to eat some of the fruits before they were all gone.

There were also some who were wiser than the rest. They decided it would be safer to obey the warning of the caravan leader. Although they didn’t know it, he just happened to be the Enlightenment Being.

When the leader arrived at the tree, the ones who had been careful and not eaten asked, “Sir, what is this tree? Is it safe to eat these fruits?”

After investigating thoughtfully he replied, “No, no. This may look like a mango tree, but it isn’t. It is a poisonous whatnot tree. Don’t even touch it!”

The ones who had already eaten the whatnot fruit were terrified. The caravan leader told them to make themselves vomit as soon as possible. They did this, and then were given four sweet foods to eat – raisins, cane sugar paste, sweet yogurt and bee’s honey. In this way their taste buds were refreshed after throwing up the poisonous whatnot fruit.

Unfortunately, the greediest and most foolish ones could not be saved. They were the ones who had started eating the poisonous fruits immediately, without thinking at all. It was too late for them. The poison had already started doing its work, and it killed them.

In the past, when caravans had come to the whatnot tree, the people had eaten its poisonous fruits and died in their sleep during the night. The next morning the local villagers had come to the campsite. They had grabbed the dead bodies by the legs, dragged them to a secret hiding place, and buried them. Then they had taken for themselves all the merchandise and bullock carts of the caravan.

They expected to do the same thing this time. At dawn the next morning the villagers ran towards the whatnot tree. They said to each other, “The bullocks will be mine!” “I want the carts and wagons!” “I will take the loads of merchandise!”

But when they got to the whatnot tree they saw that most of the people in the caravan were alive and well. In surprise, they asked them, “How did you know this was not a mango tree?” They answered, “We did not know, but our leader had warned us ahead of time, and when he saw it he knew.”

Then the villagers asked the caravan leader, “Oh wise one, how did you know this was not a mango tree?”

He replied, “I knew it for two reasons. First, this tree is easy to climb. And second, it is right next to a village. If the fruits on such a tree remain unpicked, they cannot be safe to eat!”

Everyone was amazed that such lifesaving wisdom was based on such simple common sense. The caravan continued on its way safely.

The moral is: The wise are led by common sense; fools follow only hunger.

The Whatnot Tree [Prudence]

INTERPRETER’S INTRODUCTION – BUDDHIST TALES FOR YOUNG AND OLD, VOLUME 1, STORIES 1-50

Link:https://hhdorjechangbuddhaiiiinfo.com/2023/09/26/the-whatnot-tree-prudence/

#Buddhisttalesforyoungandold #Buddhiststories #storiesforkids #moralstories #Buddha #Jatakastories #PansiyaPanasJataka

The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer

linda changLeave a comment

The Most Perfect Continuous Mural in the Dunhuang Mogao Caves

“The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King” is the main theme of the murals in Cave 257 of the Mogao Caves. It unfolds in a long horizontal scroll, narrating many stories from the past life of the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama.

Legend has it that long ago, on the banks of the Ganges River in India, there lived a beautiful and kind nine-colored deer king (the previous incarnation of Siddhartha Gautama)…

One day, as the nine-colored deer king was leisurely strolling by the river, he suddenly heard a pitiful cry from the water. Without hesitation, the brave nine-colored deer leaped into the river, risking its own safety, and rescued the drowning person. The saved individual, overwhelmed with gratitude for a second chance at life, repeatedly bowed in thanks to the nine-colored deer.

The nine-colored deer king said, “No need for thanks; just go on your way. My only request is that you do not reveal my whereabouts to anyone.” The drowning person solemnly swore, “Kind benefactor, rest assured. If I ever betray this promise, may my body be covered in sores and my mouth emit a foul odor.” With that, the person departed.

Before long, the queen of that country dreamt of a deer—one with nine colors and silver-like antlers. She told the king about her dream and requested that he order the capture of such a deer. She had a strong desire to use its colorful hide for clothing and its antlers for earrings. Consequently, the king issued a proclamation and offered a substantial reward.

Upon seeing the proclamation, the person who had been saved reported to the king, leading soldiers to the mountain to hunt down the nine-colored deer.

When the nine-colored deer was surrounded by the king’s troops… it spotted the person it had rescued from drowning, tears of sorrow welled up in its eyes…

The nine-colored deer leaped in front of the king and recounted the story of how it had saved the person from drowning and how that person had broken his promise. The king and the soldiers were deeply moved by the deer’s account. The king ordered the soldiers to clear a path, allowing the nine-colored deer to regain its freedom. He also issued a decree: “From now on, people are not allowed to shoot deer.”

As for the person who had broken his promise, in an instant, sores covered his body, and a foul odor emanated from his mouth. From that moment on, he was despised and reviled by the people.

The story of the nine-colored deer is vividly portrayed in Cave 257 of the Dunhuang Grottoes, which is what we now see as “The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King.” While the mural is not particularly large in size, it holds significant importance in Chinese art history.

This artwork takes the form of a horizontal scroll with the story unfolding from both ends and converging in the middle. It consists of multiple scenes depicting various stages of the story, such as its origin, development, climax, and conclusion, all seamlessly connected to create a cohesive narrative.

“The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King” is composed of nine panels, illustrating five key plot points: the person drowning, the nine-colored deer rescuing the drowning person, the drowning person expressing gratitude to the deer, the queen’s desire to capture the deer, the informant revealing the deer’s whereabouts to the king, and the confrontation between the king and the deer.

The story progresses from both ends of the mural towards the center, placing the pivotal conversation between the king and the deer in the middle. This unique composition style captures the essence of continuous horizontal scroll art from the Wei and Jin dynasties, showcasing the distinctive historical aesthetics of the era.

In the artwork, the depiction of mountains, rocks, and rivers occupies a significant portion. The rendering of the landscape primarily serves to fill the space and delineate the composition, providing a brief description of the specific environment, thereby enhancing the visual impact of the artwork and its storytelling function.

“The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King” places the climax of the story—the moment when the nine-colored deer recounts the events—at the center of the composition. At the same time, both nine-colored deer on the left and right sides turn their bodies toward the center, serving as visual guides.

This is precisely the turning point in the storyline of the nine-colored deer, where the drowning person’s affliction receives its retribution. It places the Buddhist concept of rewarding goodness and punishing evil at the visual forefront, narrating the sequence of events step by step to gradually reveal the story’s progression to the viewer.

The entire process is rhythmic, marked by the ebb and flow of the narrative, skillfully aligning the chronological order with the spatial arrangement, showcasing the artist’s unique conceptualization of the composition.

In terms of color usage, “The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King” appears to be very vibrant, but in reality, it uses a limited color palette, consisting of only six colors. The earthy red color dominates the entire painting, which is a prominent color characteristic of the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties period.

Complementing this are touches of stone blue and stone green, along with the harmonious blending of black, white, and gray. This blending softens the strong contrast between earthy red and stone green and blue, achieving a harmonious contrast of warm and cool tones. At the same time, it also accentuates the brightness of contrasting colors.

The introduction of Buddhism had a significant impact on the development of portraiture in China, introducing a set of strict conventions for Buddhist iconography. During the Northern Wei dynasty, the Dunhuang murals began to emphasize body proportions and adopted more attention to three-dimensionality after incorporating color shading techniques.

In “The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King,” most of the figures on the canvas have slender bodies, with their clothing belts fluttering in the wind. Their gestures and movements exude a graceful dance-like elegance, evoking the style of figures that “float like wandering dragons and are delicate as startled swans.”

In the murals of the Northern Wei period in Dunhuang, Jataka stories are an important theme. Jataka stories refer to the countless events and experiences in the past lives of Siddhartha Gautama, who would later become the founder of Buddhism. In history, there are numerous Jataka stories related to Siddhartha Gautama.

Within Buddhist art themes, there are many Jataka story paintings, and “The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King” is just one of them. Story paintings are used to promote the Buddhist concept of karmic retribution and to praise the spirit of self-sacrifice displayed by the Nine-Colored Deer King.

In reality, all Jataka paintings ultimately convey one message: that by performing good deeds, selflessly giving, and enduring hardships, one can achieve positive outcomes, whereas engaging in wrongful actions will lead to self-destruction.

The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/10/02/the-story-of-the-nine-colored-deer/

#SiddharthaGautama #SakymuniBuddha #JatakaStories #BuddhistStories #MoralStory #Mural #Dunhuang #MogaoCaves #Grottoes #Buddhism #ChineseCulture #Art #karmicRetribution #Paintings

Source： https://www.toutiao.com/article/7025418785972847140/?ug_source=seo_juhe， https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/346828893

Lessons from Orchids: Finding Serenity Amidst Life’s Challenges

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Photo by Tayla Walsh on Pexels.com

In the tranquil solitude of a monastery, an old monk devoted his time to cultivating a pot of delicate orchids. Each day, he lavished care upon these tender blooms, diligently tending to their needs by watering and weeding them with unwavering dedication.

As a result of the old monk’s meticulous attention, the orchids flourished under his care, displaying an elegant and breathtaking beauty that mirrored his own inner peace.

One day, the old monk found himself with a commitment that required him to leave the monastery to meet with friends. In his absence, he entrusted the nurturing of the cherished orchids to a young monk. He handed over the responsibility, emphasizing the importance of their care.

With a sense of honor and respect for the elder monk’s teachings, the young monk embraced his duty wholeheartedly. He approached the task just as the old monk had, showing genuine care and tenderness towards the orchids. Under his watchful eye, the orchids continued to thrive and bloom.

However, fate took an unexpected turn. On a day when the young monk had diligently watered the orchids and positioned them on a windowsill to soak in the sunlight, a sudden and fierce rainstorm struck. Powerful winds knocked the orchids from their perch, causing them to shatter upon impact.

Upon his return, the young monk was met with the heartbreaking sight of the shattered remnants of the once-beautiful orchids. He was overwhelmed with sorrow, dreading the old monk’s reaction and fearing his reprimand for failing in his entrusted duty.

Several days later, the old monk returned to the monastery. The young monk gathered the courage to confess the unfortunate incident, ready to face whatever consequence may arise from his actions.

Surprisingly, the old monk responded with silence. This unexpected reaction left the young monk puzzled and uncertain. After a moment, the old monk’s serene countenance broke into a calm smile, and he uttered words that carried profound wisdom, “I don’t cultivate orchids to get angry.”

In that simple and sincere statement, the old monk revealed a profound truth about his serene attitude towards life. The cultivation of the orchids was not about breeding frustration or anger; rather, it represented a deeper pursuit—the nurturing of one’s character and inner qualities. The orchids, though precious, were symbolic of the journey to refine one’s life and embrace noble virtues.

Life, much like a bustling marketplace, presents us with an array of experiences, people, and emotions. Some individuals exhibit unwavering positivity and joy, while others grapple with restlessness and anxiety. Our perspectives differ, our thought processes vary, and as a consequence, our approaches to problem-solving diverge greatly.

So, how can we navigate the sea of life’s challenges and find solace amidst the chaos? The answer lies in the simple yet profound art of detachment. By relinquishing our attachments and embracing life’s imperfections, we can begin to comprehend the transient nature of all things. Just as clouds swiftly drift across the sky, life’s moments are fleeting and subject to the universal cycle of existence.

The key lies in cultivating a mindset of detachment and releasing the grip of selfish desires. In doing so, we can expand our hearts, broaden our perspectives, and uncover a sense of tranquility that transcends the storms of life. Through this journey of self-discovery, we can learn from the wisdom of the orchids and the serenity of the old monk—finding beauty not just in the blooms, but in the growth of our own souls.

Lessons from Orchids: Finding Serenity Amidst Life’s Challenges

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/08/29/lessons-from-orchids-finding-serenity-amidst-lifes-challenges/

#Orchids #Serenity #Monk #BuddhistWisdom #BuddhistTeaching

51. King Goodness the Great [Perseverance]

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51. King Goodness the Great [Perseverance]

Once upon a time, in Benares in northern India, the Enlightenment Being was born into the royal family. When he became king he was called Goodness the Great. He had earned this title by trying to do good all the time, even when the results might not benefit him. For example, he spent much of the royal treasury on the building and running of six houses of charity. In these houses good and aid were given freely to all the poor and needy who came along, even to unknown travellers. Soon King Goodness the Great became famous for his patience, loving-kindness and compassion. It was said that he loved all beings just like a father loves his young children.

Of course King Goodness observed the holy days by not eating. And naturally he practiced the ‘Five Training Steps’, giving up the five unwholesome actions. These are: destroying life, taking what is not given, doing wrong in sexual ways, speaking falsely, and losing one’s mind from alcohol. So his gentle kindness became more and more pure.

Since he wished to harm no one, King Goodness the Great even refused to imprison or injure wrongdoers. Knowing this, one of his highest ministers tried to take advantage of him. He cooked up a scheme to cheat some of the women in the royal harem. Afterwards it became known by all and was reported to the king.

He called the bad minister before him and said, ‘I have investigated and found that you have done a criminal act. Word of it has spread and you have dishonoured yourself here in Benares. So it would be better for you to go and live somewhere else. You may take all your wealth and your family. Go wherever you like and live happily there. Learn from this lesson.’

Then the minister took his family and al his belongings to the city of Kosala. Since he was very clever indeed, he worked his way up and became a minister of the king. In time he became the most trusted adviser to the King of Kosala. One day he said, ‘My lord, I came here from Benares. The city of Benares is like a beehive where the bees have no stingers! The ruling king is very tender and weak. With only a very small army you can easily conquer the city and make it yours.’

The king doubted this, so he said, “You are my minister, but you talk like a spy who is leading me into a trap!’ He replied “No my lord. If you don’t believe me, send your best spies to examine what I say. I am not lying. When robbers are brought to the King of Benares, he gives them money, advises them not to take what is not given, and then lets them go free,”

The king decided to find out if this was true. So he sent some robbers to raid a remote border village belonging to Benares. The villagers caught the looters and brought them to King Goodness the Great. He asked them, “Why do you want to do this type of crime?”

The robbers answered, “Your worship, we are poor people. There is no way to live without money. As your kingdom has plenty of workers, there is no work for us to do. So we had to loot the country in order to survive.” Hearing this, the king gave them gifts of money, advised them to change their ways, and let them go free.

When the King of Kosala was told of this, he sent another gang of bandits to the streets of Benares itself. They too looted the shops and even killed some of the people. When they were captured and brought to king Goodness, he treated them just the same as the first robbers.

Learning of this, the King of Kosala began marching his troops and elephants towards Benares.

In those days the King of Benares had a mighty army which included very brave elephants. There were many ordinary soldiers, and also some that were as big as giants. It was known that they were capable of conquering all India.

The giant soldiers told King Goodness about the small invading army from Kosala. They asked permission to attack and kill them all.

But King Goodness the Great would not send them into battle. He said, “My children, do not fight just so I may remain king. If we destroy the lives of others we also destroy our own peace of mind. Why should we kill others? Let them have the kingdom if they want it so badly. I do not wish to fight.”

The royal ministers said, “Our Lord, we will fight them ourselves. Don’t worry yourself. Only give us the order.” But again he prevented them.

Meanwhile the King of Kosala sent him a warning, telling him to give up the kingdom or fight. King Goodness the Great sent this reply: “I do not want you to fight with me, and you do not want me to fight with you. If you want the country, you can have it. Why should we kill people just to decide the name of the king? What does it matter even the name of the country itself?”

Hearing this, the ministers came forward and pleaded, “Our Lord, let us go out with our mighty army. We will beat them with our weapons and capture them all. We are much stronger than they are. We would not have to kill any of them. And besides, if we surrender the city, the enemy army would surely kill us all!”

But King Goodness would not be moved. He refused to cause harm to anyone. He replied, “Even if you do not wish to kill, by fighting many will be injured. By accident some may die. No one knows the future – whether our attackers will kill us or not. But we do know whether our present actions are right or wrong. Therefore I will not harm, or cause others to harm, any living being!”

Then King Goodness ordered the city gates be opened up for the invaders. He took his ministers to the top floor of the palace and advised them, “Say nothing and try to remain calm.”

The King of Kosala entered the city of Benares and saw that no one was against him. So he and his soldiers entered and went up to the top floor. They capture the innocent King Goodness the Great. The soldiers tied the hands of the defeated king and all of his ministers.

Then they were taken to the cemetery outside the city. They were buried up to their necks, standing straight up, with only their heads above ground. But even while the dirt was being trampled down around his neck, the Great Being remained without anger in his mind and said nothing.

Their discipline and obedience to King Goodness were so great that not a single minister spoke a word against anyone. But the King of Kosala had no mercy. He said roughly, “Come night time, let the jackals do as they please!”

And so it came to pass that, at midnight, a large band of jackals wandered into the cemetery. They could smell a feast of human flesh waiting for them.

Seeing them coming, King Goodness and his ministers shouted all at once and scared the jackals away. Twice more this happened. Then the clever jackals realised, “These men must have been put here for us to kill and eat.” No longer afraid, they ignored the shouts. The jackal king walked right up to the face of King Goodness.

The king offered his throat to the beast. But before he could bite into him, the king grabbed the jackal’s chin with his teeth. No harming him, King Goodness gripped him tightly so the jackal king howled in fear. This frightened his followers and they all ran away.

Meanwhile the jackal king thrashed back and forth, trying madly to free himself from the might jaws of the human king. In so doing, he loosened the dirt packed around the king’s neck and shoulders. Then King Goodness released the screaming jackal. He was able to wiggle himself free from the loosened earth and pull himself up onto the ground. Then he freed all his frightened ministers.

Nearby there was a dead body. It just so happened that it was lying on the border of the territories claimed by two rival demons. They were arguing over the division of the body, insulting each other in ways that only demons can.

Then one demon said to the other, “Why should we continue quarrelling instead of eating? Right over there is King Goodness the Great of Benares. He is famous in all worlds for his righteousness. He will divide the dead body for us.

They dragged the body to the king and asked him to divide it between them fairly. He said, ‘My friends, I would be glad to divide this for you. But I am filthy and dirty, I must clean myself first.”

The two demons used their magic powers to bring scented water, perfume, clothing, ornaments and flowers from the king’s own palace in Benares. He bathed, perfumed himself, dressed, and covered himself with ornaments and flower garlands.

The demons asked King Goodness if there was anything else they could do. He replied that he was hungry. So, again by their magic powers, the demons brought the most delicious flavoured rice in a golden bowl and perfumed drinking water in a golden cup — also from the royal palace in Benders.

When he was satisfied, king Goodness asked them to bring him the sword of state from the pillow of the King of Kosala, who was sleeping in the palace in Benares. With magic that too was easily done. Then the king used the sword to cut the dead boy into two halves, right down the spine. He washed the sword of state and strapped it to his side.

The hungry demons happily gobbled up the fairly divided dead body. Then they gratefully said to King Goodness, “Now that our bellies are full, is there anything else we can do to please you?”

He replied, “By your magic, set me in my own bedroom in the palace next to the King of Kosala. In addition, put all these my ministers back in their homes.” Without a word, the demons did exactly as the king had asked.

At that moment the King of Kosala was fast asleep in the royal bedchamber. King Goodness the Great gently touched the belly of the sleeping king with the sword of state. The king awoke in great surprise. In the dim lamplight he was frightened to see King Goodness leaning over him with sword in hand. He had to rub his eyes to make sure he was not having a nightmare!”

Then he asked the great king, “My lord how did you come here in spite of all my guards? You were buried up to your neck in the cemetery — how is it you are spotlessly clean, sweet smelling, dressed in your own royal robes, and decorated with fine jewellery and the loveliest flowers?”

King Goodness told him the story of his escape from the band of jackals. He told of the two demons that came to him to settle their quarrel. And he told how they gratefully helped him with their magic powers.

On hearing this, the King of Kosala was overcome by his own shame. He bowed his head to King Goodness the Great and cried, “Oh great king, the stupid ferocious demons, who live by eating the flesh and drinking the blood of dead bodies — they recognised your supreme goodness. But I, who was lucky enough to be born as an intelligent and civilised human being — I have been too foolish to see how wonderful your pure goodness is.

“I promise never again to plot against you, my lord —- you who have gained such perfect harmlessness. And I promise to serve you forever as the truest of friends. Please forgive me, great king.” Then, as if he were a servant, the King of Kosala laid King Goodness the Great down on the royal bed, while he himself lay on a small couch.

The next day the King of Kosala called all his soldiers into the palace courtyard. There he publicly praised the king of Benares and asked his forgiveness once again. He gave back the kingdom and promised that he would always protect King Goodness. Then he punished his adviser, the criminal minister, and returned to Kosala with all his troops and elephants.

King Goodness the Great was sitting majestically on his golden throne, with its legs like those of a gazelle. He was shaded from the sun by the pure white royal umbrella. He taught his loyal subjects saying, “People of Benares wholesomeness begins with giving up the five unwholesome actions once and for all. The highest qualities of the good person, whether ruler or subject, are loving-kindness and compassion. Filled with these qualities, one cannot harm another —- no matter what the reason or the cost. No matter how dangerous the threat, one must persevere until the greatness of the good heart wins in the end.”

Throughout the rest of his reign, the people of Benares lived peacefully and happily. King Goodness the Great continued performing wholesome works. Eventually he died and was reborn as he deserved.

The moral is: Refusing to harm others, the good heart wins over all.

51. King Goodness the Great [Perseverance]

Link:https://hhdorjechangbuddhaiiiinfo.com/2023/08/15/king-goodness-the-great-perseverance/

#Buddhisttalesforyoungandold #Buddhiststories #storiesforkids #moralstories #Buddha #Jatakastories #PansiyaPanasJataka

The Crane and the Crab [Trickery]

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Buddhist Tales for Young and Old, volume 1, Prince Goodspeaker, Stories 1-50


38. The Crane and the Crab [Trickery]

Once upon a time, there was a crane who lived near a small pond. Right next to the pond was a big tree with a fairy living in it. He learned by observing the various animals.

There were also many small fish living in the small pond. The crane was in the habit of picking up fish with his beak and eating them. Since there happened to be a drought in the area, the water level in the pond was becoming lower and lower. This made it easier for the crane to catch fish. In fact, he was even getting to be a little fat!

However, the crane discovered that no matter how easy it was to catch fish, and no matter how many he ate, he was never completely satisfied. But he did not learn from this. Instead, he decided that if he ate all the fish in the pond, then he would find true happiness. “The more the merrier!” he said to himself.

In order to catch all the fish in the pond, the crane thought up a clever plan. He would trick the fish, and deceive them into trusting him. Then when they trusted him the most, he would gobble them up. He was very pleased with himself for thinking up such a trick.

To begin with, the crane sat down on the shore. He remained quietly in one position, just like a holy man in the forest. This was intended to get the fish to trust him.

The fish came to him and asked. “Sir crane, what are you thinking?” The holy-looking crane answered, “Oh my dear fish, it makes me sad to think of your future. I am thinking about the coming miserable disaster.”

They said, “My lord, what disaster is coming to us?” To which the crane replied, “Look around you! There is very little water left in this pond. You are also running out of food to eat. This severe drought is very dangerous for you poor little ones.”

Then the fish asked, “Dear uncle crane, what can we do to save ourselves?” “My poor little children,” said the crane, “you must trust me and do as I say. If you allow me to pick you up in my beak, I will take you, one at a time to another pond. That pond is much bigger than this one. It is filled with water and covered with lovely lotuses. It will be like a paradise for you!”

When they heard the part about the beak, the fish became a little suspicious. They said, “Mr. Crane, how can we believe you? Since the beginning of the world, there has never been a crane who wanted to help fish. Cranes have put fish in their beaks only to eat them. This must be a trick. Or else you must be joking!”

The crane then raised his head and made himself look as dignified as possible. He said, “Please don’t think such a thing. Can’t you see that I am a very special crane? You should trust me. But if you don’t believe me, send one fish with me and I will show him the beautiful pond. Then when I bring him back here, you will know I can be trusted.”

The fish said to each other, “This crane looks so dignified. He sounds like an honest crane. But just in case it’s a trick, let us send with him a useless little troublemaker fish. This will be a test.” Then they found a young fish who was known for playing hooky from school. They pushed him towards the shore.

The crane bent his head and picked up the little one in his beak. Then he spread his wings and flew to a big tree on the shore of a beautiful big pond. Just as he had said, it was covered with lovely lotuses. The fish was amazed to see such a wonderful place. Then the crane carried him back to his poor old pond, just as he had promised.

Arriving home, the little fish described the wonders of the beautiful big pond. Hearing this, all the other fish became very excited and rushed to be the first to go.

The first lucky passenger was that same useless little troublemaker. Again the crane picked him up in his beak and flew to the big tree on the shore of the beautiful new pond. The little one was sure the helpful crane was about to drop him into the wonderful pond. But instead, the crane suddenly killed him, gobbled up his flesh, and let the bones fall to the ground.

The crane returned to the old pond, brought the next little fish to the same tree, and ate him in the same way. Likewise, one by one, he gobbled up every last fish!

He became so stuffed with fish meat that he had trouble flying back to the little pond. He saw that there were no more fish left for him to trick and eat. Then he noticed a lonely crab crawling along the muddy shore. And he realized that he was still not completely satisfied!

So he walked over to the crab and said, “My dear crab, I have kindly carried all the fish to a wonderful big pond not far from here. Why do you wish to remain here alone? If you simply do as the fish have done, and let me pick you up in my beak, I will gladly take you there. For your own good, please trust me.”

But the crab thought, “There is no doubt this over-stuffed crane has eaten all those fish. His belly is so full he can hardly stand up straight. He definitely cannot be trusted! If I can get him to carry me to a new pond and put me in it, so much the better. But if he tries to eat me, I will have to cut off his head with my sharp claws.”

Then the crab said, “My friend crane, I am afraid I am much too heavy for you to carry in your beak. You would surely drop me along the way. Instead, I will grab onto your neck with my eight legs, and then you can safely carry me to my new home.”

The crane was so used to playing tricks on others, that he did not imagine he would be in any danger — even though the crab would be grasping him by the throat. Instead he thought, “Excellent! This will give me a chance to eat the sweet meat of this foolish trusting crab.”

So the crane permitted the crab to grab onto his neck with all eight legs. In addition, he grasped the crane’s neck with his sharp claws. He said, “Now kindly take me to the new pond.”

The foolish crane, with his neck in the clutches of the crab, flew to the same big tree next to the new pond.

Then the crab said, “Hey you stupid crane, have you lost your way? You have not taken me to the pond. Why don’t you take me to the shore and put me in?”

The crane said, “Who are you calling stupid? I don’t have to take that from you. You’re not my relative. I suppose you thought you tricked me into giving you a free ride. But I’m the clever one. Just look at all those fish bones under this tree. I’ve eaten all the fish, and now I’m going to eat you too, you stupid crab!”

The crab replied, “Those fish were eaten because they were foolish enough to trust you. But no one would trust you now. Because you tricked the fish, you have become so conceited you think you can trick anyone. But you can’t fool me. I have you by the throat. So if one dies, we both die!”

Then the crane realized the danger he was in. He begged the crab, “Oh my lord crab, please release me. I have learned my lesson. You can trust me. I have no desire to eat such a handsome crab as you.”

Then he flew down to the shore and continued, “Now please release me. For your own good, please trust me.”

But this old crab had been around. He realized the crane could not be trusted no matter what he said. He knew that if he let go of the crane, he would be eaten for sure. So he cut through his neck with his claws, just like a knife through butter! And the crane’s head fell on the ground. Then the crab crawled safely into the wonderful pond.

Meanwhile, the inquisitive fairy had also come to the new pond and seen all that had happened. Sitting on the very top of the big tree, he said for all the gods to hear:

“The one who lived by tricks and lies,
No longer trusted now he dies.”

The moral is: The trickster who can’t be trusted, has played his last trick.

38. The Crane and the Crab [Trickery]

Link: https://hhdorjechangbuddhaiiiinfo.com/2022/10/04/the-crane-and-the-crab-trickery/

INTERPRETER’S INTRODUCTION – BUDDHIST TALES FOR YOUNG AND OLD, VOLUME 1, STORIES 1-50

#Buddhisttalesforyoungandold #Buddhiststories #storiesforkids #moralstories #Buddha #Jatakastories #PansiyaPanasJataka

Control Your Anger and Do not React

linda changLeave a comment

Many people struggle with the challenge of controlling their emotions. When faced with situations that contradict our feelings, desires, or goals, frustration and anger can easily overwhelm us, causing us to lose our temper and shift blame onto others. Unfortunately, such reactions often exacerbate the problem, leading to harm for ourselves and those around us. However, there are valuable lessons we can learn from a story that might inspire us to gain control over our anger and maintain peace and calm within our hearts.

The following story serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of non-reaction:

Once upon a time, there was a young man who was very interested in Zen Buddhism. He had read many books and articles about it, and he was eager to learn more. One day, he decided to visit a Zen master to ask him about the art of non-reaction.

The Zen master was a very old man with long white hair and a beard. He was sitting in the Lotus position on a cushion in his meditation room. The young man bowed respectfully and asked the Zen master to teach him about non-reaction.

The Zen master smiled and said, “Non-reaction is the ability to let go of your thoughts and emotions. It is the ability to see things as they are without judgment or attachment. When you can non-react, you are free from suffering.”

The young man was confused and asked, “How can I let go of my thoughts and emotions? They are a part of me.”

The Zen master replied, “Your thoughts and emotions are not a part of you. They are simply passing through you. You are the witness, not the actor. When you can see your thoughts and emotions for what they are, you will be free from them.”

The young man thought about this for a moment. He had never thought of his thoughts and emotions as being separate from him before, but the Zen master’s words made sense. “I will try to practice non-reaction,” he said.

The Zen master smiled and said, “Good, but remember, it is not something that can be forced. It comes with practice.”

The young man left the Zen master’s house and went on his way. He tried to practice non-reaction throughout the day, but it was difficult. Every time he thought about something that made him angry or upset, he would react. But the young man didn’t give up; he kept practicing, and slowly but surely, he began to get better at it.

He started to notice that when he didn’t react to his thoughts and emotions, they would eventually pass away on their own. One day, while walking down the street, he saw a man arguing with a woman. The man was yelling at the woman, and she was crying. The young man felt angry and upset, but he remembered what the Zen master had said. He took a deep breath and let go of his anger. He saw the man and the woman for what they were: two people caught up in their own suffering of karma. The young man walked away feeling peaceful and at ease. He had finally learned the art of non-reaction.

The young man continued to practice non-reaction throughout his life. He found that it was a powerful tool that helped him live a more peaceful and fulfilling life. He was able to let go of his anger, fear, and sadness, and he was able to see the world with a clear and open mind. The art of non-reaction is a powerful tool that can help us live happier and more fulfilling lives. It is not easy to master, but it is worth the effort.

Control Your Anger and Do not React

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/07/27/control-your-anger-and-do-not-react/

#BuddhismTeaching #BuddhistTales #BuddhistStory #Non-reaction # ControlAnger #Peace#Calm #Innerpeace #Happiness

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8h36cFt6X8