Tag: Travel

Hangzhou: Where History, Culture, and Natural Beauty Converge

linda changLeave a comment

Photos from https://www.hangzhou2022.cn/

The recent Asian Games held in Hangzhou, China, brought the world’s attention to a spectacular opening ceremony that dazzled the senses. It was a momentous occasion that reminded me of Hangzhou’s unique charm—a city that effortlessly blends history, culture, and breathtaking natural beauty. In this blog post, I am trying to introduce some Hangzhou’s rich history, cultural significance, and the enchanting West Lake that graces this remarkable destination.

Hangzhou’s historical significance dates back over a thousand years. As the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), it was the political, economic, and cultural center of ancient China. The city’s past is vividly reflected in its well-preserved landmarks, such as the Grand Canal, which was once the world’s busiest and longest artificial waterway. The canal played a pivotal role in facilitating trade and cultural exchange between northern and southern China.

Hangzhou’s cultural heritage is as rich as its history. The city is celebrated for its pivotal role in nurturing Chinese art, literature, and philosophy. It is home to numerous temples, museums, and historical sites. One of the most iconic landmarks is the Six Harmonies Pagoda, which offers breathtaking views of the Qiantang River. Additionally, Hangzhou is renowned for its tea culture, with the world-famous Longjing (Dragon Well) tea originating from the lush plantations that surround the West Lake.

Nature’s Masterpiece: The West Lake

By Mlq4296 – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5549787

The Guozhuang Garden, one of many historic gardens in the West Lake By 猫猫的日记本 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39259489

The West Lake, or Xi Hu in Chinese, is Hangzhou’s crown jewel, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that captivates visitors with its picturesque beauty. Surrounded by lush hills, willow-lined pathways, and charming pagodas, the lake’s serenity has been an inspiration to poets, artists, and philosophers for centuries. Its natural allure changes with the seasons, making it a destination worth visiting year-round.

Highlights of the West Lake

Leifeng Pagoda, perched atop Sunset Hill, is a historical gem that offers sweeping vistas of the West Lake. As the sun gracefully descends below the horizon, this iconic pagoda bathes the lake in its enchanting glow, creating a magical setting perfect for a romantic evening. But beyond its scenic beauty, Leifeng Pagoda is intertwined with a captivating and somewhat tragic love story that has captured the hearts of generations.

In the Chinese folk tale “The Legend of the White Snake,” the story unfolds with the white snake, who falls deeply in love with a young man named Xu Xian. In a remarkable transformation, the white snake assumes the guise of a young lady and marries Xu Xian. However, their love is not without obstacles. The wise monk Fahai recognizes the bride’s true identity as a white snake and cunningly deceives Xu Xian, leading him to Jinshan. In a valiant attempt to rescue Xu Xian, the White Lady rushes to Jinshan, only to be suppressed under the Leifeng Pagoda by Fahai.

The hidden interior of Leifeng Pagoda is adorned with intricate carvings crafted in the style of Dongyang woodcarvings. These carvings vividly depict the captivating love story of Bai Niangzi (the White Snake) and Xu Xian as told in the legend of “The Legend of the White Snake.” The carvings employ five distinct techniques, including round carving, semi-round carving, high relief, deep relief, and shallow relief. These techniques are skillfully combined into a form known as “overlay carving,” which serves to enhance the storytelling and character portrayal within the legend.

Leifeng Pagoda, with its breathtaking views and rich cultural significance, stands as a testament to the enduring power of love and storytelling. It invites visitors to delve into the enchanting world of Chinese folklore while appreciating the timeless beauty of the West Lake at sunset.

Three Pools Mirroring the Moon: This picturesque scene features three small pagodas surrounded by water, beautifully illuminated during the Mid-Autumn Festival. It’s a breathtaking sight that draws thousands of visitors each year.

West Lake Cruise: Exploring the lake by boat provides a unique perspective of its beauty. As you glide across the serene waters, you’ll pass by charming islets, arched bridges, and elegant lakeside gardens.

Lingyin Temple: Located in the vicinity of the West Lake, Lingyin Temple is one of China’s most ancient and revered Buddhist temples. Its serene atmosphere and intricate carvings make it a cultural treasure.

The Mahavira Hall By Tyg728 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52305861
Panorama enshrining a main statue of Guanyin, a manifestation of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, at the back of the Mahavira Hall By Kuebi = Armin Kübelbeck – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3074408
Arhat statues enshrined inside the Hall of the Five Hundred Arhats By Wa18, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56534477

According to historical tradition, the origins of Lingyin Monastery trace back to the year 328 AD, during the Eastern Jin dynasty (266–420). The monastery was established by an Indian monk known as Huili in Chinese. Right from its inception, Lingyin gained widespread recognition as a prominent Buddhist institution in the Jiangnan region.

During its zenith under the Wuyue Kingdom (907–978), Lingyin Temple stood as a grand edifice. It comprised nine multi-story buildings, 18 pavilions, 72 halls, and more than 1300 dormitory rooms, providing a sanctuary for over 3000 monks. The legacy of this era is also etched into the rich Buddhist carvings that adorn the Feilai Feng grottos and the surrounding mountains.

In the later years of the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), Lingyin Monastery retained its eminence, securing its position as one of the ten most significant temples of the Chan sect in the Jiangnan region. Regrettably, this prominence did not shield the monastery from the ravages of time and external threats. Over the centuries, Lingyin Temple has undergone reconstruction no less than sixteen times. While some of the existing structures date back to earlier Chinese dynasties, much of what stands today are modern restorations from the late Qing period (1644–1911).

The temple is also associated with a famous and eccentric monk, Jigong. The legends of this mad monk find their roots in the life of a historical figure named Li Xiuyuan (1148-1209). Born into a family of officials with a long-standing Buddhist tradition in Tiantai County, Zhejiang Province, Li Xiuyuan’s life took a different course when his parents passed away at the age of 18. He made his way to Lingyin Temple, the largest Buddhist temple in Hangzhou, where he became a monk.

Hall of Master Jigong

Under the guidance of Hui Yuan, a senior abbot at Lingyin Temple, Li received the Buddhist name Daoji. However, he was not inclined toward the temple’s customary routines of sutra chanting and meditation. In defiance of strict Buddhist rules, he indulged in eating meat and drinking alcohol, even publicly. His appearance often featured a dirty, tattered cassock, and he could be spotted wandering the streets in a half-drunken state.

Despite his peculiar behavior, Li endeared himself to the local community. He displayed great compassion for the poor and disadvantaged, possessed remarkable skills in medicine, and was known for his ability to treat complex ailments, often saving lives. He was also noted for his wit and what some considered magical abilities. As a result, he became known as Ji Gong the Living Buddha, a folk hero whose legacy has endured in China for over 800 years.

Ji Gong’s distinctive image, with a crumpled hat, ragged robe, and a worn-out palm leaf fan, remains familiar to the public. In fact, an ink painting of Jigong HuoFo, created by the artist H.H.  Dorje Chang Buddha III, is displayed in the International Art Museum of America. This artwork skillfully captures the monk’s details, including his skin, meridians, and veins, utilizing fine brushwork and realism to vividly portray the life of this beggar-like figure who held a special place in the hearts of many.

Another remarkable natural treasure worth mentioning is Longjing Tea. West Lake Longjing tea is among China’s most prestigious teas, renowned for its attributes of “vibrant green color, rich fragrance, mellow taste, and exquisite appearance.” It is often referred to as the “Four Uniques.” Cultivated in five primary production regions—ShiFeng, Longjing, Yunxi, Hupao, and Meijiawu—West Lake Longjing tea is celebrated for its superior quality. Among these regions, ShiFeng stands out as the finest, and “Mingqian tea” is its most coveted variety, frequently chosen as a high-quality gift for special occasions. Shifeng Longjing tea is predominantly produced in the renowned tea villages of Hangzhou Longjing Village and Wengjiashan Village, signifying the “Number One Tea Village in the World.”

Moreover, it’s worth noting that H.H.  Dorje Chang Buddha III has masterfully crafted a tea called “Bi Yu Chun,” which has achieved the highest-grade ranking in China. His Holiness has elevated the traditional techniques of tea production to a level of perfection, resulting in the creation of this exceptional green tea.

Bi Yu Chun possesses a unique flavor and unparalleled quality. Its tea leaves are compact and delicate, retaining their natural fuzz, boasting the color and luster of green jade. This tea exudes a pure aroma reminiscent of chicken broth or roasted chestnuts. It offers a pleasantly refreshing taste that lingers, maintaining its rich flavor for an extended duration. The tea is beautifully translucent, displaying a radiant green akin to that of green jade, akin to a mountain spring. Long after you savor it, the delightful flavor of Bi Yu Chun lingers in your thoughts.

In June of 1989, a competition was held to select the finest Chinese teas. Bi Yu Chun was among the contenders, alongside esteemed Chinese teas like Shi Feng Long Jing, Dong Ting Bi Luo Chun, and Jun Shan Yin Zhen. Evaluated by a committee of tea experts based on the conventional standards for tea evaluation, Bi Yu Chun scored an outstanding 101 points, surpassing all other grades to earn the title of the top Chinese tea. Experts hailed Bi Yu Chun for rectifying the three common shortcomings of Chinese green tea: insufficient greenness, a bitter and astringent taste, and an inability to withstand steeping well. Bi Yu Chun has thus exceeded the highest global standards for tea production and is acclaimed as the premier Chinese tea.

H.H.  Dorje Chang Buddha III‘s talents extend beyond being an exceptional painter; he is also a superb tea artisan. The wisdom and knowledge of His Holiness are truly profound and transcend human imagination.

Hangzhou, with its rich history, cultural significance, and the enchanting West Lake, offers a unique blend of experiences that captivate the soul. Whether you’re exploring the city’s historic sites, sipping on a cup of Longjing tea, or strolling along the shores of the West Lake, Hangzhou is a destination that promises an unforgettable journey through China’s past and present. It’s a place where tradition and modernity coexist harmoniously, leaving an indelible mark on all who have the privilege to visit.

Hangzhou: Where History, Culture, and Natural Beauty Converge

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/09/28/hangzhou-where-history-culture-and-natural-beauty-converge/

 #H.H.DorjeChangBuddhaIII # DorjeChangBuddhaIII ##IAMA#InternationalArtMuseumofAmerica

#WestLake #XiHu#HangZhou#TravelChina #LongjingTea #LingyinTemple #AsianGames #JingongMonk

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingyin_Temple https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leifeng_Pagoda#:~:text=Leifeng%20Pagoda%20was%20one%20of,Fahai%20under%20the%20Leifeng%20Pagoda., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingyin_Temple

Mount Wuzhong – A Place Filled with Historical and Cultural Significance

linda changLeave a comment

Early distribution spot of Chinese Buddhism

The Mount Wuzhong, also known as Misty Mountain and formerly referred to as Daguangming Mountain, Tiancheng Mountain, and Wushan, is a significant Buddhist pilgrimage site situated along the ancient Sichuan-to-India trade route, often referred to as the Southern Silk Road, within ancient China. It is located in Wushan Township, north of Dayi County, 25 kilometers from the county seat, and 80 kilometers from Chengdu. To its east lies Qinglong Mountain, to the south it connects with Daping, to the west it borders Wayao (also known as Baihushan), and to the north, it meets Longwo. The primary peak elevates to 1638 meters, with Jiulong Mountain and Jingang Mountain to the north and Hongyan Mountain to the west. Covering an expansive area of several square kilometers, it is aptly known as the “72 peaks” due to the constant presence of clouds and mist, hence earning its moniker as the “Misty Mountain.”

Historical records, such as the Ming Dynasty’s “Kaihuasi Stele Inscription” and the “Records of Misty Mountain,” reveal that as early as the Western Han Dynasty, Mount Wuzhong was renowned for its breathtaking natural beauty and mysterious wonders that left people in awe. It was described as a “land adorned in golden cloth and adorned with jade-like peaks, filled with endless wonders that inspired astonishment and amazement.” It was even considered “the place where the ancient Buddha Amitabha performed miracles.” In the 16th year of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, responding to recommendations from the imperial court, Emperor Ming dispatched the courtier Fu Ying, accompanied by two distinguished monks from ancient India – the venerable monks Kashyapa Matanga and Zhu Falan – to establish a Buddhist temple on the mountain. Their mission was to propagate Buddhism and disseminate its teachings, thereby benefiting people far and wide with the nectar of Buddhist wisdom.

During the Ming Dynasty, Buddhism at Misty Mountain reached its zenith. The mountain boasted a total of seventy-two peaks, nine passes, and one hundred and eight winding paths, accommodating one hundred and eighty temples and forty-eight hermitages. According to the “Records of Misty Mountain,” it was described as a place “spanning dozens of square miles north of the two rivers and south of Longwo, with buildings scattered like black houses, without overcrowding.” “Monasteries and temples were as numerous as stars in the sky, surrounding the mountain from all sides, too numerous to count.” In modern terms, the total constructed area exceeded 400,000 square meters, equivalent to the size of a medium-sized city. During the Ming Zhengtong era, the emperor established the Dugang Institute at Misty Mountain, with the venerable monk Yuanxi serving as the official historian, overseeing all temple affairs. The temples at Misty Mountain were so prosperous and grand in scale during that period that a local saying emerged: “There are 25 thousand great monks, and the number of ordinary monks is beyond count.”

Eminent scholar Yang Sheng An, during his travels in Misty Mountain, inscribed a couplet on the “Heavenly Mountain” archway, proclaiming, “There is no match in the world; Misty Mountain is the number one.” With Yang Shen’s profound insight, he boldly asserted that Misty Mountain was unrivaled, and in the “Inscription of Kaihuasi temples at Misty Mountain,” he referred to this place as the “supreme stronghold of Chan (Zen) Buddhism.” This attests that during the Ming Dynasty, the prestige of Buddhism at Misty Mountain remained unmatched by other mountains in the region.

The Buddhist temple – KaihuaSi – established by the venerable monks Kashyapa Matanga and Zhu Falan was erected just six years after the White Horse Temple, often regarded as the first temple in Chinese Buddhist history. Therefore, it holds the distinction of being the second temple in the annals of Chinese Buddhism’s history and the first temple for the transmission of Buddhism from the south. Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty bestowed upon it the name “Daguangming Puzhao Temple.”

KaiHuaSi Temple

Since the Han Dynasty, Mount Wuzhong has been home to renowned monks who have propagated and practiced the Buddhist teachings. During the Yonghe period of the Jin Dynasty, the esteemed Western monk Faxian revitalized Misty Mountain, renaming the temple as Tiancheng Mountain Xianying Temple. In the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, two great masters, Sangha and Senghu, resided here and, by imperial decree, restored the original name of Daguangming Mountain Puzhao Temple. In the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty, Master Yuanze Laochang expanded and embellished the temple, bestowing it with splendor. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, Tibetan monks Pudashaye and Shigaba were once again appointed by imperial decree to rebuild the temple and requested the imperial name “KaiHuaSi at Misty Mountain.” This name has endured for the temple ever since.

Throughout its long history, Kaihuasi at Misty Mountain has withstood nearly two thousand years, bearing witness to the rise and fall of temple structures, yet it persists to this day. In this enduring history, one can discern the resilience of Buddhism, the steadfastness of human hearts, and the enduring nature of faith.

.

JiewangSi

In more recent times, two esteemed monks resided within the temples of Misty Mountain: Master PuGuan and Master Guozhang. Both were disciples of H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III, receiving profound Dharma initiations from Him and achieving liberation. In 1998, Master Pu Guan passed away while in meditation, having attained mastery over his life and death. Remarkably, even eight years after his passing, his remains rest within a stupa, preserved in the meditation posture without any signs of decay.

Master Guozhang, a renowned Chinese Buddhist monk, embarked on his monastic journey at a young age on Mount Emei, one of China’s four famous Buddhist mountains. In his middle years, he ventured to Kangding in Tibet, where he received empowerment from the Supreme Vajradhara, H.H.  Dorje Chang Buddha III, who became his fundamental guru. Subsequently, he served as the abbot of Jiulao Cave on Mount Emei. Master Guozhang was celebrated for his unwavering commitment to monastic precepts, profound spiritual realization, and his extraordinary ability to tame wild animals on the mountain. Legends even spoke of his capacity to hear conversations between heavenly beings and humans.

In 1992, both Master Puguan and Master Guozhang were appointed to key positions at Misty Mountain’s Kaihuasi Temple by the government of Dayi County. Master Puguan assumed the role of abbot and oversaw Buddhist affairs within the mountain, while Master Guozhang was entrusted with overseeing the temple. Later on, Master Guozhang became the abbot of Jiewangting temple, which also located in the Misty Mountain.

Master Guo Zhang once shared with his disciples a remarkable experience: he received the Great Dharma initiation from H.H.  Dorje Chang Buddha III in Tibet when His Holiness was less than 5 years old.

In 2015, Master Guo Zhang passed away at the age of 108. Eleven days later, local government officials visited Jiewangting Temple and, doubting the profundity of the master’s practice, pierced his body with needles, causing blood to flow.

In China, there exists a saying that “famous temples produce famous tea since ancient times,” and the tea from Misty Mountain gained renown as early as the Tang and Song dynasties. Throughout history, the monks of Misty Mountain have often been involved in tea cultivation, using tea as sustenance, and blending Zen and tea culture. Within Misty Mountain’s expanse, ancient tea tree groves flourish, some so immense that it takes two people to encircle them. The tea leaves harvested from these trees emit a fragrant aroma and are considered the highest-quality Misty Mountain tea.

The fusion of Zen and tea culture embodies three virtues: “During Zen meditation, one stays awake all night, when one is full, tea aids in digestion, and tea is not consumed when not needed.” Tea serves to quench thirst, invigorate the senses, alleviate stress, purify the mind, nurture virtuous qualities, and has thus become an invaluable aid in Zen practice. The spiritual essence of Misty Mountain’s Zen and tea culture is encapsulated as “upright, pure, harmonious, and elegant,” with the purpose of “expressing gratitude, embracing inclusivity, sharing, and fostering connections.”

Mount Wuzhong – A Place Filled with Historical and Cultural Significance

Link：https://peacelilysite.com/2023/09/27/mount-wuzhong-a-place-filled-with-historical-and-cultural-significance/

Source: https://club.autohome.com.cn/bbs/thread/a3b8e453b0c45836/72821534-1.html, http://www.day.gov.cn/day/c140445/2021-01/14/content_d51260858d10469a94a004e1395bd9c6.shtml， http://www.lvyoudream.com/lvyougonglue/938/

Guangsheng Temple with Ancient Chinese Buddhist Buildings，Murals & Statues

linda changLeave a comment

As a cradle of Chinese culture, Shanxi is renowned for its abundance of cultural and historical treasures. While some iconic historical relics and monuments like the Great Wall, which stretches across the province, the Yungang Grottoes in Datong, and the Sakyamuni Pagoda in Yingxian, are at the top of tourists’ itineraries, there are also lesser-known “hidden gems” in terms of historical significance that are well worth exploring.

One such hidden gem is the Guangsheng Buddhist Temple, located in the Zhaocheng township of Hongtong county. The Guangsheng Temple is actually a complex that encompasses the upper monastery, the lower monastery, and the Water God Temple, situated on the slopes and foothills of Huoshan Mountain in Zhaocheng.

Founded in the first year (147) of the Jianhe reign of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), the temple originally bore the name Julushe Temple. It later acquired its present name during the Tang Dynasty (618-907). While it suffered damage during an earthquake in the 7th year (1303) of the Dade reign of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), subsequent restoration efforts took place over the years, preserving much of the architectural style from the Yuan Dynasty. Nestled against the mountains and overlooking a river, the temple is surrounded by ancient trees and boasts the Huoquan Spring gushing beneath the rocks at the foot of Huoshan Mountain, creating a serene and picturesque environment. The temple can be divided into three main sections: the upper temple, the lower temple, and the Water God Temple.

The upper temple, perched atop Huoshan Mountain amidst lush pine trees, is graced with ancient towers and adorned with colored glaze components, radiating magnificence and splendor. The lower temple, situated at the base of Huoshan Mountain, harmoniously blends with the mountain’s natural contours, creating an intriguing landscape with varying elevations. Adjacent to the lower temple is the Water God Temple, with connected walls. Here, one can find the Statue of Ying, an emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and renowned frescoes depicting Yuan Dramas, both of which are celebrated locally and internationally.

The upper temple complex comprises the temple gate, the Flying Rainbow Tower, the Amitabha Hall, the Great Hall, the Vairochana Hall, the Kwan-yin Hall, the Ksitigarbha Hall, as well as wing-rooms and corridors, among other features. The Temple Gate, situated at the entrance, is flanked by two guardian warriors. Just beyond the gate stands the impressive Flying Rainbow Tower, constructed from colored glaze bricks. Originally built during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) and later restored in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), this thirteen-story tower soars to a height of 47.31 meters, featuring an octagonal plan. The tower is adorned with tri-colored glaze in yellow, green, and blue, creating a splendid and vibrant spectacle. Elaborate wooden square blocks and intricately carved designs of Buddha, Bodhisattvas, guardian warriors, flowers, birds, and animals adorn the eaves and pillars. Corridors encircle the first story, while the tower’s interior houses only the stairs leading to the tenth floor, showcasing remarkable architectural and artistic prowess.

Behind the tower lies the Amitabha Hall, a 5-bay wide, 4-bay long structure with a single-eaved gable and hip roof. Inside, the hall features three exquisite statues: Amitabha Buddha, Manjusri Bodhisattva, and Vajrapani Bodhisattva. These statues, masterpieces of the Ming Dynasty, are accompanied by frescoes adorning the eastern wall and screen wall. Additionally, the temple once housed 4,000 volumes of the Pingshui version of the Tripitaka during the Huangtong reign of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234). These valuable volumes are now preserved in the Beijing Library and serve as a rare source for studying the history of Chinese printing.

https://www.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/hongtong/guangsheng-temple-78481/

https://www.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/hongtong/guangsheng-temple-78481/

https://www.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/hongtong/guangsheng-temple-78481/

The Great Hall, characterized by a 5-bay width, a single-eaved gable, and a hip roof, features three niches within for wooden statues of Sakyamuni, Manjusri, and Samantabhadra. These statues are meticulously crafted, possessing well-proportioned forms, a plump appearance, and an air of perfect serenity. In the Qing Dynasty, the hall was adorned with eighteen iron arhats along its two sides, along with statues of Kwan-yin and Amitabha Buddha on the rear niche wall.

The Vairochana Hall, spanning 5 bays in width with a hip roof, boasts an architectural style typical of the Yuan Dynasty, with two gables supported by substantial crawling beams. The altar within the hall features statues of three Buddhas and four Bodhisattvas, surrounded by wooden niches containing 35 iron statues. Notably, the back wall of the hall showcases frescoes depicting Sakyamuni and twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment, regarded as exceptional examples of this art form.

The lower temple complex comprises the temple gate, front hall, back hall, the buttress hall, and other buildings, all constructed during the Yuan Dynasty. The temple gate stands impressively tall, measuring 3 bays in width and 3 bays in length, featuring a single-eaved gable and a hip roof. Canopies have been added to both the front and back eaves, lending it the appearance of a pavilion with double eaves. The front hall spans five bays in width and is supported by only two pillars that bear the weight of the entire structure. The back hall, dating back to the second year (1309) of the Zhida reign in the Yuan Dynasty, stretches 7 bays in width, featuring 9 purlins, 8 rafters, and a single-eaved overhanging gable roof. Within the hall, you’ll find the main statues of Amitabha Buddha, Sakyamuni Buddha, Bhaisajyaguru Buddha, Manjusri Bodhisattva, and Samantabhadra Bodhisattva, all crafted during the Yuan Dynasty. Sadly, the once-present frescoes on the walls were stolen and smuggled to other countries in 1928, and they are currently housed in the Naerson Museum in Texas, US. Notably, the fresco on the south wall documented the performances of Yuan Drama, serving as rare reference material for the study of Chinese dramas.

The lower temple complex photo from：Beijing Transportation University ancient architecture

The lower temple complex photo from: Beijing Transportation University ancient architecture

The Water God Temple comprises two courtyards: the front yard and the back yard, featuring key structures like the Temple Gate, the Door of Amenity, the Ming Ying King Hall, and wing-rooms of cave dwellings. The Ming Ying King Hall, measuring 5 bays in width and 5 bays in length, is enveloped by a cloister and crowned with a double-eaved gable hip roof. The interior beams follow a conventional style. Within the hall, you’ll find statues of Water God Ming Ying King and his eleven attendants. Their facial features, attire, and postures are all reflective of the Yuan style. The hall’s walls are adorned with frescoes depicting scenes of people praying for rain and other historical narratives, covering an area of 197 square meters. Notably, the eastern end of the south wall features vivid depictions of a comprehensive set of stage properties used by performers, including costumes, stage instruments, musical instruments, makeup, curtains, and the stage itself. The artwork is meticulously arranged, with a simple yet profound color palette, and the dramatis personae are depicted with great expressiveness. This fresco offers an authentic glimpse into the heyday of Yuan Drama and stands as a rare and outstanding example of Yuan fresco art in China.

Guangsheng Temple with Ancient Chinese Buddhist Buildings，Murals & Statues

Link: https://peacelilysite.com/2023/09/20/guangsheng-temple-with-ancient-chinese-buddhist-buildings%ef%bc%8cmurals-statues/

Source: http://shanxi.chinadaily.com.cn/2022-05/06/c_748899.htm, http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-02/15/content_34504.htm

Tongli Ancient Water Town: A Poetic Dream of the Oriental Venice

linda changLeave a comment

Photo from https://almostlanding.com/things-to-do-in-tongli-water-town-china/

Tongli (同里), also called Tongli Water Town, in the southwest of Suzhou, is one of the “Top Six Ancient Towns in Jiangnan (Regions South of Yangtze River)” in China with a long history of over 1,000 years. Enjoying the advantageous location of being surrounded by water and linked by old stone bridges, Tongli is the symbol of water town in southern China. Therefore, it is regarded as the “Oriental Venice” as well as a “Natural Photo Studio” by people from the whole world and is titled the “National AAAAA Tourist Attraction”. Moreover, since it still well keeps a series of ancient structures from the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, like the “Retreat & Reflection Garden (退思园)” which is a World Cultural Heritage Site praised by many poets, Tongli is a perfect place to savor the authentic flavor of old water town in China and the real leisure life of the charming Jiangnan (江南) region.

Tongli was established in the Song Dynasty over 10 centuries ago and was first named Fu Tu (富土, Fertile Land). But it changed to be called as Tong Li (铜里) so not to be too extravagant. And later people finally changed its name again into the present Tongli (同里). According to the history, Tongli is a key place in the ancient Wu (吴) region, and since it could communicate with the outside world only by boat, there were few wars or turbulence. And then, it became an ideal place for people to escape from the social upheaval and settle down.

Highlights in Tongli

Retreat & Reflection Garden

Tuisi Garden, also known as Retreat & Reflection Garden, earned its place on the prestigious list of UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Sites. This exquisite garden was meticulously crafted between 1885 and 1887 by Ren Lansheng, a former government official who was dismissed due to corruption. Ren chose to name this sanctuary “Tui Si Yuan” to symbolize his personal journey of introspection.

As you wander through Tuisi Garden, you’ll be transported to a bygone era, where historic wooden structures exude an ancient charm. However, what truly astonishes visitors is the enchanting water garden concealed within its confines. Here, pavilions, corridors, bridges, halls, houses, rockeries, pools, ancient trees, vibrant flowers, and charming fish coexist in perfect harmony, creating a secret oasis.

Whether you follow the stone-paved paths or stand atop pavilions nestled among the rockeries, you’ll be treated to breathtaking views of this natural and traditional garden. Such is its extraordinary beauty that a Tuisi Zhuang (Retreat & Reflection Villa) was recreated in a botanic garden in New York, USA, faithfully mirroring the essence of Tuisi Garden. This tribute stands as a testament to the global appreciation of Chinese garden artistry.

Secret Garden in Retreat & Reflection Garden

Tongli

Ancient Tuisi Garden in Spring

Gengle Hall

Gengle Hall (耕乐堂 or Happy Farming Hall), situated in the heart of Lujiadai (陆家埭), stands as a remarkable testament to ancient architecture within Tongli Water Town. Dating back to the Ming Dynasty, this building exemplifies the traditional residential-garden structure of its time, offering visitors a glimpse into the historical architecture of the region.

Within the residential section of Gengle Hall, one can admire an array of intricately carved root artworks, showcasing a variety of shapes including eagles, flowering trees, figures, lions, and more. As you explore this part of the hall, you’ll be immersed in a world of artistic craftsmanship.

Venturing into the water garden, you’ll be treated to crystal-clear pools teeming with vibrant red fish, picturesque stone bridges gracefully arching over the water, weathered yet charming old houses, and the backdrop of a serene blue sky. Every moment spent here promises a unique and captivating visual experience.

Tongli

Picturesque Scenery in the Garden of Gengle Hall

The Pearl Tower

The Pearl Tower (珍珠塔) in Tongli Water Town is not precisely a tower, but rather an opulent mansion. It is renowned for its association with the poignant love story known as the ‘Pearl Tower,’ which unfolds within the walls of this former official censor’s residence.

According to the tale, Fang Qing (方卿) and Chen Cuie (陈翠娥) shared a deep and passionate love, yet their union was fraught with the challenges posed by their disparate family backgrounds. Undaunted, Fang Qing worked tirelessly to attain the coveted title of ‘Number One Scholar’ and returned to his hometown with a sterling reputation. Finally, he and Cuie were able to overcome the obstacles and were wed.

When you visit the Pearl Tower, you’ll have the opportunity to marvel at the ancient architecture and the expansive water garden, allowing you to immerse yourself in the enchanting ambiance of this historic water town and experience the enduring romance of the famous love story.

Tongli

The Mansion of Pearl Tower

The Three Bridges

The Three Bridges (三桥) in Tongli, namely Taiping Bridge (太平桥), Jili Bridge (吉利桥), and Changqing Bridge (长庆桥), stand out as must-see attractions within Tongli Water Town. Together, they form a configuration resembling the Chinese character “品,” making the Three Bridges a cherished treasure of Tongli. As you stroll along these bridges, you’ll witness people walking above and boats gracefully gliding beneath, creating a dynamic and picturesque scene.

Particularly during festivals, these bridges come alive with activity, exuding a sense of bustling joy. Local residents consider it highly auspicious and joyous to traverse the Three Bridges, believing that it brings good fortune and improved health. You can embrace this tradition by walking across the Jili Bridge, Taiping Bridge, and Changqing Bridge in a continuous loop without turning back, in pursuit of greater blessings and well-being.

Besides, there are many other interesting places to visit in Tongli Water Town, like Jiayin Hall (嘉荫堂) with beautiful design and gauze-cap-like beam decorations, Chongben Hall (崇本堂) with exquisite sculptures, Mingqing Street (明清街) with various local food and shops, Luoxing Island (罗星洲) with fabulous natural scenery, etc. you can spend more time to discover deeper beauty of Tongli!

Amazing Activities in Tongli

You deserve to try the featured activities in Tongli to get the real fun and feel the authentic charm of this famous water town.

Rickshaw Tour

Let the local carter take you to appreciate Tongli Water Town with a distinct visual angle on the ancient rickshaw. Passing through the narrow lanes and admiring the centuries-old buildings, you can imagine yourself being the people living in Tongli in ancient times.

Boat Tour

Take a sculling boat at the daytime to feel the excitement of watching the ancient buildings and people passing by, the brand-new practice of going through the old Chinese bridges. You can have the scene of ancient Tongli people communicating the outside by boat in your mind. (25 min, about CNY 90 / boat; 1-6 people / boat)

Tongli

Splendid Night View

The night view of Tongli Water Town is splendid. With strings of red lanterns lighting along the river, gorgeous colorful flashes shining in the trees, sparkling lights curving the fancy lines of bridges and paths, the water town will make you immerse into its beauty.

TongliSplendid Night View in Tongli Water Town

Best Seasons to Visit Tongli

Tongli is an ideal destination to visit year-round, showcasing diverse landscapes in each season:

  • Spring: Tongli is at its most charming and poetic during this season, boasting moderate temperatures and a touch of misty rain to enhance its allure.
  • Summer: The summertime in Tongli is vibrant, with numerous local folk activities that offer a fantastic opportunity to immerse yourself in the rich folk culture of this renowned Chinese water town. Additionally, you can savor the mesmerizing night views as you wander along its scenic rivers and bridges.
  • Autumn: Tongli dons a fresh and crisp aura during autumn. The faint fragrance of sweet-scented osmanthus fills the air, transforming Tongli Water Town into a captivating young lady beneath the clear azure skies.
  • Winter: In the winter months, Tongli is tranquil, attracting fewer tourists. Particularly after a snowfall, the town adorns itself in pure white beauty, complemented by the soft glow of red lanterns lining the riverbanks.”

Tongli Ancient Water Town: A Poetic Dream of the Oriental Venice

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/09/12/tongli-ancient-water-town-a-poetic-dream-of-the-oriental-venice/

Source: https://www.chinadiscovery.com/jiangsu/suzhou/tongli.html, https://almostlanding.com/things-to-do-in-tongli-water-town-china/

Fanjing Mount

linda changLeave a comment

A view of the New Golden Summit, looking west. Costfoto / Barcroft Media via Getty

Clouds roll past the New Golden Summit on Mount Fanjing.  Clkraus / Shutterstock

Fanjingshan, also known as Mount Fanjing, is situated in the eastern part of Guizhou Province, China, within Tongren City. It is positioned approximately 248 kilometers away from Guiyang and 220 kilometers from Zhangjiajie. Mount Fanjing proudly claims the title of being the highest peak within the Wuling Mountains, with an impressive elevation of 2572 meters. The mountain stands adorned with primitive vegetation, its landscape characterized by majestic peaks, a continuous succession of towering summits, babbling streams interwoven with cascading waterfalls.

Moreover, Fanjingshan holds great spiritual significance as a revered Buddhist site. It’s widely believed among Buddhists that Fanjingshan is a place where spiritual enlightenment akin to that of Maitreya Buddha can be attained.

The appellation “Fanjing” finds its origins in “Fantian Jingtu,” a Buddhist term that translates to “Brahma’s Pure Land.” This hallowed mountain has been acclaimed as China’s Fifth Buddhist Mountain, a distinction following the likes of Mount Wutai in Shanxi Province, Mount Putuo in Zhejiang Province, Mount Emei in Sichuan Province, and Mount Jiuhua in Anhui Province. With a history spanning over 2000 years, embellished by extraordinary rock formations and abundant biodiversity, Mount Fanjing unveils itself as a serene, distinct haven. A sojourn to this tranquil expanse offers a revitalizing and spiritual respite from the bustling clamor of urban life.

Unique geological landforms, including the “Mushroom Stone” at right. Sanyanwuji / Shutterstock

In geological terms, Mount Fanjing assumes the form of a “fold belt,” an arrangement akin to stacked layers of rock resembling an assemblage of intricate shapes, an occurrence seldom witnessed elsewhere. The Mushroom Stone serves as a prime exemplar, where layers of rock have taken on the semblance of a towering mushroom.

Throughout antiquity, Fanjing Mountain stood as a venerable hub of Buddhist culture within the Wuling Mountain range. Historical records attest to the proliferation of numerous Buddhist temples along its slopes, catering to pilgrims from around the world. Yet, during the 16th century in the Ming Dynasty, a substantial number of these temples met destruction, effectively suppressing Fanjing Mountain’s renown. The subsequent Qing Dynasty saw a revival of fortunes, with governmental initiatives aimed at temple reconstruction and expansion along the mountain’s pathway to the “Red Clouds Golden Summit.” Notable temples such as Cheng’en Temple and Baoguo Temple were erected. By 1896, the fifth phase of Fanjingshan Temple reconstruction reached its culmination, bestowing upon Fanjing Mountain an esteemed status in the global Buddhist sphere and solidifying its position as China’s “No. 5 Great Buddhist Mountain.”

Mount Fanjing boasts three soaring summits that pierce the heavens – the Red Clouds Golden Summit (2336 meters), the Old Golden Summit (2493 meters), and the Phoenix Golden Summit (2572 meters). From these majestic pinnacles, visitors are treated to breathtaking panoramic vistas of Mount Fanjing’s expansive landscape. Crowning the preeminent “Red Clouds Golden Peak” stands the remarkable Fanjingshan Temple, perched at a daring elevation of 2,336 meters above sea level. Nestled atop the columnar peak, this temple’s elusive location beckons travelers to witness its ethereal presence firsthand and capture mesmerizing, novel photographs.

Fanjingshan Temple, encompassing the revered Temple of the Buddha (释迦殿) and the Maitreya Temple (弥勒殿), graces the summit of the “Red Clouds Golden Summit” (also known as the New Golden Summit) on Fanjing Mountain. The former is dedicated to the worship of Sakyamuni, symbolizing the present, while the latter venerates Maitreya, representing the future. These two temples trace their origins back to the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, over five centuries ago. Presently, they have been meticulously reconstructed to echo their original splendor, their structures fortified with iron tiles to withstand the mountain’s formidable winds. Each temple is embodied by a single hall, constructed from meticulously arranged stone pieces measuring 5.4 meters in width and 5.55 meters in depth. A bridge gracefully connects the two temples, spanning the depths of the Gold Sword Gorge.

For pilgrims journeying to Fanjingshan, the ascent involves ascending thousands of steps to initially reach the Temple of the Buddha on the southern facet. Subsequently, crossing the bridge leads to the Maitreya Temple on the northern side of the “Red Clouds Golden Summit.” This sequence mirrors the Buddhist concept of transition from the present (Sakyamuni) to the future (Maitreya). As the “Red Clouds Golden Summit” often finds itself enshrouded by mist and enveloped in sea of clouds, standing upon the terrace outside Fanjingshan Temple offers a surreal experience of gazing upon the world from above, capturing an otherworldly perspective amidst the natural elements.

Much like the iconic Avatar Hallelujah Mountain in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, Fanjingshan stands as a towering pinnacle, slender and vertically oriented, evoking the image of a pencil standing upright on a desk. Scaling its summit requires ascending over 8,000 steps or opting for a cable car ride up from the road below. Most visitors opt for a full day to thoroughly explore this remarkable sacred mountain. Its attractions span a diverse range, encompassing the Red Cloud Golden Peak, Old Golden Summit, Ten-Thousand Sleeping Buddha, Mushroom Stone, Jiulong Pond, Fenghuang Mountain, Numerous Rolls of Books, and more.

Situated in the mountainous expanse of Guizhou Province, Fanjingshan falls within the ambit of a subtropical humid monsoon climate, distinctly marked by four seasons. Throughout the year, the average annual temperature oscillates between 13.1°C and 14.7°C. July witnesses the hottest days, with an average temperature hovering around 24°C, while January holds the chilliest nights, registering an average temperature of approximately 4.6°C. On the whole, Fanjingshan enjoys a temperate climate, graced by ample sunlight and rainfall. Summers remain moderate, and winters remain mild, with neither excessive heat nor biting cold. Rainfall predominantly occurs from May to October, while the frost-free period spans a generous 270 to 278 days annually.

The prime window to explore Mount Fanjing extends from March to November. For those seeking to capture stunning photographs, the early morning hours are particularly enchanting. The aftermath of rain unveils captivating spectacles, such as the Sea of Clouds, Zen Fog, Buddha Light, and breathtaking sunrises, which contribute to the mountain’s mystique and allure.

Fanjing Mount

Link: https://peacelilysite.com/2023/08/22/fanjing-mount/

#FanjingMount# MountFanjing #Zhangjiajie #Buddha #BuddhistTemple #MaitreyaBuddha #FanTieJingTu #China #Travel #TravelChina #GuiZhou

Source: https://www.chinadiscovery.com/guizhou/fanjingshan.html, https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2019/04/a-photo-visit-to-mount-fanjing/586879/, https://www.chinadiscovery.com/guizhou/fanjingshan/fanjingshan-temple.html

The Huntington Library

linda changLeave a comment

A Haven of Beauty, Culture, and Knowledge

Tucked away in the idyllic town of San Marino, California, lies a captivating destination that continues to enthrall visitors from all corners of the globe—the Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens. Boasting breathtaking landscapes, vast collections, and a harmonious fusion of nature, culture, art, history, and science, the Huntington Library is a place of awe-inspiring wonder that leaves an indelible mark on the hearts of those who venture within its gates. This July 4th holiday, we had the pleasure of revisiting this remarkable institution, once again succumbing to its irresistible allure.

Stepping foot into the Huntington Library is like entering a world where nature and culture intertwine harmoniously. The lush botanical gardens stretch across 120 acres, offering a mesmerizing collection of plants, flowers, and trees from all corners of the globe. As you stroll along the meandering paths, you’ll encounter a kaleidoscope of colors and fragrances, inviting you to immerse yourself in the serenity of nature. The carefully manicured landscapes provide the perfect backdrop for contemplation, relaxation, and exploration.

Chinese Garden

Among the many wonders that grace the Huntington Library, the Chinese Garden stands out as a true gem. This tranquil oasis, known as the Garden of Flowing Fragrance (Liu Fang Yuan), transports visitors to the essence of traditional Chinese landscaping. With its tranquil ponds, graceful pavilions, and meandering pathways, the Chinese Garden evokes a sense of peace and serenity. Every element, from the meticulously arranged rocks to the delicate architecture, conveys the rich insights of Chinese culture, inviting visitors to appreciate its profound beauty.

Nestled within the captivating grounds of the Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens, the Lily Ponds stand as a timeless testament to the beauty and tranquility of nature. Established in 1904 as the first garden on Henry E. Huntington’s property, the Lily Ponds have become a beloved destination for visitors seeking solace and respite. Surrounded by bamboo groves and the majestic conifer tree collection, this serene haven features five picturesque ponds and an open grass meadow. With the presence of lotus blossoms, graceful koi fish, and elegant papyrus, the Lily Ponds offer a truly enchanting location for relaxation and the staging of unique events.

Beyond its mesmerizing gardens, the Huntington Library boasts an extensive collection of art, rare books, manuscripts, and historical artifacts. Art enthusiasts will find themselves immersed in masterpieces that span centuries, from the Renaissance to contemporary works. History buffs can delve into rare documents that shed light on pivotal moments in human civilization. Moreover, the Huntington Library offers an incredible array of scientific resources, including an impressive collection of botanical specimens, which serve as invaluable tools for researchers and scholars.

Peter Verstille’s diary and memorandum book, pages 19 and 20. Verstille was dismayed by the political corruption and misdirection he perceived in London. Throughout his diary, he worried what “the Deplorable Degeneracy of our present Times” would mean for the fate of the British Empire and America. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.

The Huntington Library’s existence as a public treasure is owed to the foresight and generosity of Henry E. Huntington and his second wife, Arabella. The couple amassed an extraordinary collection of books, art, and manuscripts throughout their lifetimes. Instead of keeping these treasures confined to private quarters, they made the decision to establish the Huntington Library, ensuring that future generations would have the opportunity to experience the world’s wonders firsthand. Their philanthropic vision has created a lasting legacy that continues to enrich the lives of countless individuals today.

Visiting the Huntington Library is an experience that lingers in the hearts and minds of all who venture within its gates. The seamless integration of nature, culture, art, history, and science makes it a truly remarkable place. Whether you find solace in the tranquil Chinese Garden, lose yourself in the captivating art collections, or immerse yourself in the wealth of knowledge held within its walls, the Huntington Library offers a journey of discovery and inspiration. The selfless act of the Huntington couple in preserving this treasure for the public to enjoy is a testament to the power of sharing and the immense value of fostering a deeper understanding of our world. So, if you ever find yourself in California, make sure to visit the Huntington Library, where beauty, culture, and knowledge come together in perfect harmony.

A Haven of Beauty, Culture, and Knowledge

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/07/14/the-huntington-library/

#HuntingtonLibrary#ChineseGarden #LilyPonds#Beauty #Culture #Knowledge#California #Botanical Gardens #ExtraordinaryDestination #Travel #History

Source: https://huntington.org

Longmen Grottoes

linda changLeave a comment

Splendid Night Scene of Longmen Grottoes, By Jack Sparrow

The Longmen Grottoes, a Buddhist cave complex located 13 kilometers south of Luoyang in China’s Henan province, form some of the most significant and exquisite representations of ancient Chinese stone art. Created over the course of approximately five centuries beginning in 493 CE, these grottoes, along with the statues and inscriptions carved within, provide a window into the political, cultural, and artistic circumstances of the late Northern Wei and Tang periods. The caves were carved into the steep limestone cliffs of Mount Longmen and Mount Xiang which face one another along a one kilometer stretch, forming a valley through which the Yi River flows. This site, with its appearance of a natural gate, was historically referred to as Yique or “Gate of the Yi River.” After Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty built an imperial palace in Luoyang at the beginning of the 7th century CE with its southern gate aligned to the cliffs of the site, the name Longmen or “Dragon’s Gate” came into use (the dragon served as an emblem of the power of the emperor).

LAYOUT

Mt. Longmen as seen from Manshui Bridge to the southeast

In total, more than 2,300 grottoes and niches, 100,000 Buddhist statues, ranging in size from several centimeters to over 17 meters, and over 2,800 inscriptions were carved into the cliffs at the site, making it the largest such complex in China. A majority of the caves were carved into the face of Mount Longmen, on the west side of the Yi River. Such is the density of grottoes and niches there that they give the cliff face an incredible, honeycomb-like appearance when viewed at a distance. Whereas those grottoes on the west side were used for ceremonies which honored the dead, the caves carved on Mount Xiang to the east were home to a large community of Buddhist monks of various sects.

View of the West Hill Grottoes from the east bank of the Yi River. Charlie – Own work

2,300 GROTTOES & NICHES, 100,000 BUDDHIST STATUES, & OVER 2,800 INSCRIPTIONS WERE CARVED INTO THE CLIFFS AT THE SITE.

REFLECTION OF SOCIETY

The carving of grottoes into remote mountainsides to serve as Buddhist temples was a practice which originated in India c. 3rd century BCE. Buddhism, along with the practice of grotto carving, passed to China along the silk road, influencing the creation of Buddhist grottoes at Yungang near Pingcheng (modern day Datong), the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, in the middle of the 5th century CE. When Emperor Xiaowen, who contributed to the carving of the Yungang Grottoes, moved the capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang in 493 CE, he shifted his energy to beginning grotto construction at Longmen.

Many of the statues within the oldest grotto carved there, Guyang Cave, were ones which members of the royalty, who followed Emperor Xiaowen to Luoyang, vowed to build. Over 1,000 niches and 800 inscriptions are contained within the cave, making it one of the richest at Longmen and significant as a reflection of the late Northern Wei style of both sculpting and writing. The central statues of Sakyamuni Buddha and two Bodhisattvas (those on the path to enlightenment) each take on a somber appearance and a slender silhouette, contrasting the earlier, broad-shouldered style found at Yungang. Inscriptions attached to statues within Guyang Cave include 19 of the 20 inscriptions designated as exemplary forms of Northern Wei calligraphy and are critical in helping to identify the origins of each work.

Sakyamuni Buddha and two Bodhisattvas at Guyang Cave

Fengxian, or Feng Xian Si (奉先寺), or Li Zhi cave is the Ancestor Worshipping Cave, which is the largest of all caves carved on the west hill built between 672 and 676 for Empress Wu Zetian. The carvings are claimed to be the ultimate in architectural perfection of the Tang dynasty. The shrine inside the cave measures 39 m x35m. It has the largest Buddha statue at the Longmen Grottoes. Of the nine huge carved statues, the highly impressive image of Vairocana Buddha is sculpted on the back wall of the Fengxian. The image is 17.14m high and has 2 m long ears.An inscription at the base of this figure gives 676 as the year of carving. The Bodhisattva on the left of the main image of Buddha is decorated with a crown and pearls. Also shown is a divine person trampling an evil spirit. The main Vairocana image’s features are plumpish and of peaceful and natural expression. Each of the other large statues are carved with expressions matching their representative roles. These were carved at the orders of Empress Wu Zetian, and are considered uniquely representative of the Tang dynasty’s “vigorous, elegant and realistic style.” The huge Vairocana statue is considered as “the quintessence of Buddhist sculpture in China.”

Attendants at FengxiaSi Cave Uploaded by Benjamin Oswald

The Vairocana statue also provides at its base the names of the artisans who worked here, the name of the Emperor Gaozong, who was the donor, and also honors Wu Zetian. It is said that Wu Zetian donated “twenty-thousand strings of her rouge and powder money” to complete this edifice. Hence, it is conjectured that the Vairocana Buddha was carved to resemble the Empress herself and termed a “Chinese Mona Lisa, Venus or as the Mother of China”. All the images here, which remain undamaged, project character and animation. Statues of Kasyapa and Ananda, the two principal disciples of Vairocana, and of two Bodhisattvas with crowns flank the main statue, in addition to numerous images of “lokapalas (guardians or heavenly kings), dvarapalas (temple guards), flying devas and numerous other figures.

The Big Vairocana of Longmen Buddha Grottoes
Vairocana (Lu SheNa) Buddha, By Anagoria – Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49649630

NOTABLE CAVES

In addition to Guyang and Fengxiansi Caves, several others are particularly worthy of mention. The set of three Binyang Caves (North, Middle, South), carved shortly after the Northern Wei capital was moved to Luoyang, was donated by Emperor Xuanwu in honor of his father, Emperor Xiaowen, and mother, Empress Wenzhao. Unlike figures in Guyang Cave, those in the Binyang Caves are of an earlier Northern Wei style, closer to that found at Yungang Grottoes. Work began on Yaofang Cave in the intervening period between the Northern Wei and Tang dynasties and came to include the engraving of 140 Tang era medical prescriptions – practical remedies to ailments ranging from cholera to hysteria. These treatments, which spread to Japan in the 10th century CE, reveal the degree to which medical science advanced during the Tang Dynasty.

Offering Procession of the Empress as Donor with Her Court, Chinese, from Longmen, Binyang Central Cave, Henan Province, ca. 522 C.E., Northern Wei Dynasty

This Offering Procession of the Empress as Donor with Her Court, was taken off from the original place for reasons. And now you can see it in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art  in Kansas City, US. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art is a much-loved institution. Many americas may not know, though, is that the Nelson also has a world-renowned reputation among artists and scholars of Asian art. With more than 7,000 works spanning 5,000 years, the museum boasts one of the most celebrated collections of Asian art in the West.

Wanfo Cave, which was completed shortly after the completion of Fengxiansi Cave, was created in honor of Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu Zetian and purportedly contains 15,000 small, sitting Buddha figures carved within the vast grids of tiny niches which blanket several walls. Prominent patrons of the cave included a female court official and a palace chapel nun. The largest grotto on the east side, Kanjingsi Cave, unlike many other large caves, lacks the grouping of large, carved Buddhist statues. In their place is a procession of life-sized Arhats (those far advanced along the path to enlightenment) stretching around the perimeter of the cave, each with a unique expression, carved in relief in the evocative and highly-detailed style found at other Tang era grottoes.

Wanfo Cave, part of the Longmen Grottoes, containing 15,000 Buddha figures, Uploaded by Benjamin Oswald, published on 21 August 2017

PRESERVATION

One can only imagine the splendor of the grottoes at Longmen during the Tang Dynasty, with thousands of recently completed carvings painted in a brilliant array of colors. Unfortunately, a number of natural and human forces have detracted from, although in many cases by no means destroyed, the intention of the original artists. Among the natural causes of damage are corrosion due to acid rain, wear from wind exposure, and naturally occurring fissures of the limestone, exacerbated by plant growth and water seepage.

The caves, stone statues, steles and inscriptions scattered in the East Hill and West Hill at Longmen have been well preserved. The property area and buffer zone retain their natural landscapes and the ecological environment that have existed since the late 5th century. The works of humans and nature have been harmoniously unified and the landscapes possess high integrity.

In the continuous evolution of Longmen Grottoes, the aesthetic elements and features of the Chinese cave temples’ art, including the layout, material, function, traditional technique and location, and the intrinsic link between the layout and the various elements have been preserved and passed on. Great efforts have been made to maintain the historical appearance of the caves and preserve and pass on the original Buddhist culture and its spiritual and aesthetic functions, while always adhering to the principle of “Retaining the historic condition”.

As with pilgrims of ages past, who visited Longmen to worship or to gain merit through the dedication of a Buddhist image, these grottoes afford modern visitors the chance to take a step closer to the lives of people from a different era, and to stand in wonder at the ability and determination of humankind.

Longmen Grottoes

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/05/05/longmen-grottoes/

#Travel #ChineseCulture #LongmenGrottoes #BuddhistStatues #Art #Carvings #AsianArt

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes, https://www.worldhistory.org/Longmen_Grottoes/, https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/henan/luoyang/longmen.htm

THE MYSTERY OF THE LONGYOU CAVES

linda changLeave a comment

Longyou Caves are known as the ninth wonder of the ancient world. Source: Zhangzhugang / CC BY-SA 4.0

LONGYOU CAVES IS A COMPLEX OF 24 ARTIFICIAL CAVES, CONSTRUCTED INTO THE SANDSTONE GEOLOGY OF FENGHUANG HILL IN THE ZHEJIANG PROVINCE OF CHINA.

The caves were discovered by accident in 1992, when local farmers drained several ponds revealing five large manmade caverns and 19 smaller caves.

The five caverns, independent from each other measure between 18-34 metres, reaching heights of up to 20 metres with supporting pillars and distinctive shapes remarkably curved with shaking imprints across the cavern walls and ceilings.

After news of the discovery spread across China, it was first proposed that the caves were an obscure natural wonder, as the design and formation was completely distinct from other ancient caves, quarries, mines, or ceremonial caverns constructed in china throughout antiquity to draw a comparison.

Image Credit : Zhangzhugang – CC BY-SA 3.0

Upon further study, it was found that each complete cavern has only one portal, associated with a vertical shaft with a carved stairwell that allows rainfall and surface runoff to enter the caverns. To manage the water intake, a system of drainage troughs, some drainage channels, and a water trap was carved into the cavern base to collect the water.

The caverns are also aligned along a south to southwest orientation, maximising the use of sunlight to illuminate the interior, with inclined sidewalls that reduces the stress on the cave ceilings preventing collapse.

It is highly possible that the cavern was formed by carving rock stones from top to bottom and layer by layer using short chisels with different sizes (based on several short chisels made from steel, discovered in one of the larger caves).

Image Credit : Zhangzhugang – CC BY-SA 3.0

Only one of the caves has been opened for tourism, chosen because of the stone carvings found inside which depict a horse, fish and bird. The Longyou Caves of Zhejiang province in China truly are an enigma and it has ten enduring mysteries that remain unresolved, despite more than two decades of research.

1. How Were the Longyou Caves Constructed?

A rough estimation of the workload involved in building the Longyou Caves is awe-inspiring. The quantity of rock that would have been removed in the overall excavation of the grottoes is estimated to be nearly 1,000,000 cubic meters (35,314,666 cu ft). Taking into account the average digging rate per day per person, scientists have calculated that it would take 1,000 people working day and night for six years to complete.

These calculations are based purely on hard labor, but what they haven’t taken into account is the incredible care and precision of the sculptors, meaning that the actual workload would far surpass the theoretical estimation. As for how they were constructed and what tools were used, it is still unknown. No tools have been found in the area, and, as we will explore later, scientists still don’t know how they achieved such symmetry, precision, and similarity between the different caves.

2. No Traces of Construction

Despite their size and the effort involved in creating them, so far no trace of their construction, or even their existence, has been located archival sources. Although the overall excavation involved almost a million cubic meters of stone, there is no archaeological evidence revealing where that quantity of stone went, and no evidence of the work. Moreover, there is not a single historic document that refers to them, which is highly unusual considering the sheer scale of the project. The origin of the Longyou Caves is a complete and utter mystery.

Experts wonder why the walls at the Longyou Caves in China are covered in chiseled parallel lines. (Zhangzhugang / CC BY-SA 4.0 )

3. Why Were the Walls Chiseled?

Every single one of the Longyou Caves is covered, from floor to ceiling, in parallel lines that have been chiseled into virtually every surface. The effect is a uniform pattern throughout the caves, which would have required immense manpower and endless hours to create. The question is why? Was such labor-intensive work purely for decoration? Are the lines or patterns symbolic in some way? All that is currently known is that the markings are similar to those found on pottery housed in a nearby museum, which is dated between 500 and 800 BC.

4. Lack of Fish in the Longyou Caves

When the caves were first discovered, they were filled with water, which presumably had been there for a long period of time. They had to be pumped out in order to realize that these were not just like the other “bottomless ponds” found within the area, but rather man-made structures. Most villages in southern China contain very deep ponds, which have been called “bottomless ponds” by generations of villagers. These ponds teem with fish, which are easily caught. However, after the first cave was pumped dry, not a single fish was to be seen, or any other sign of life.

5. How Did the Longyou Caves Remain So Well Preserved?

One of the most interesting and challenging questions is how the Longyou Caves have been able to keep their structural integrity for more than 2,000 years. There are no signs of collapse, no piles of rubble, and no damage despite the fact that in some areas the walls are only 50 centimeters (20 in) thick. Over the centuries, the area has gone through numerous floods, calamities and wars, the mountains have changed their appearance and exposed stones have been weathered, but inside the Longyou Caves, the form, patterns and markings are still clear and precise – it is as though they were built yesterday.

6. How Did the Builders Work in the Dark?

Due to the great depths of the caves, some areas at the bottom, which are not exposed to the opening above, are pitch-black. Yet even those dark areas are decorated with thousands of parallel lines on the walls, columns, and ceiling. So how did ancient people work in the dark? 

According to Jia Gang, a Tongji University professor specializing in civil engineering: “There should be lamps, because the cave’s mouth is very small, and the sunbeam could only shine in the cave at a certain angle during a certain period of time. As one goes deeper into the cave, the light becomes dimmer. At the cave’s bottom, which is usually dozen of meters from the mouth, one could hardly see anything.” However, this was at least two millennia ago and nothing that could have been used for lighting has been found.

7. Were the Longyou Caves Meant to be Connected?

All of the Longyou Caves are distributed across an area of only one square kilometer (0.38 sq mi). Considering such a high density, one cannot help asking whether some grottoes were meant to be connected. What would be the purpose of making so many separate caves in such a tight area without connecting them? In many areas, the walls between the caves are very thin, only 50 centimeters (20 in), but they were never linked so it appears they were intentionally kept apart. What’s more, many of the Longyou Caves are almost identical to each other.

8. Who Built the Longyou Caves?

Nobody has any idea who built the caves. Some scientists have claimed that it was not possible or logical for such as mammoth job to have been undertaken by regular village people. Only the emperor and the leaders could have organized such a huge project, like the construction of the Great Wall , which was built to defend against invasion from the outside world. But if it was commissioned by an Emperor, why are there no historical records of its construction?

9. How Did They Achieve Such Precision?

The scale of the Longyou Caves is magnificent and momentous, the design was delicate and scientific, the construction was sophisticated, and the precision is indicative of superior craftsmanship. The model, pattern and style of each cave is extremely similar. Every grotto is like a grand hall. One side is steep and another side is 45% inclined. The four walls are straight; the edges and corners are clearly demarcated. The chiseling marks within the Longyou Caves are uniform and precise.

“At the bottom of each cave, the ancient [builders] wouldn’t be able to see what the others were doing in the next grotto,” explained Yang Hongxun, an expert at the Archaeological Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Nevertheless, “the inside of each cave had to be parallel with that of the other, or else the wall would be holed through. Thus the measure apparatus should have been very advanced. There must have been some layout about the sizes, locations, and the distances between the caves beforehand.”

With the help of modern equipment and methods, the investigators measured the sizes of the walls, and surprisingly found that the overall construction is extremely accurate. The walls between the caves are of the same thickness in different sections. So how did they achieve this precision? What were their methods?

Stairs leading down into one of the once-submerged Longyou Caves. (Zhangzhugang / CC BY-SA 4.0 )

10. What Were the Longyou Caves Used for?

Following extensive investigations and study, scientists and scholars have attempted to put forward explanations for the grottoes, but none so far provide a convincing explanation for why they were built and what they were used for.

Some archaeologists have suggested that the grottoes were the tombs of old emperors, emperor halls, or places for storage. But this interpretation is far-fetched. No funeral objects or tombs have been found and no artifacts left behind. If it were used like an emperor’s palace, the caves surely would have been designed differently, with separate rooms for different purposes like entertaining, meeting, and sleeping. But no evidence can be found of this and no traces of habitation have been found.

Another hypothesis is that the Longyou Caves were used for mining and extracting some type of mineral resource. However, mining operations would have required equipment and apparatus to extract the rocks and transport them. Again, no traces of this have been found, nor any evidence of where the rocks were taken. And of course, if the caves were just for mining, why create such intricate decorations on the walls, columns and ceilings?

Finally, some have suggested that these caves were the places for troops to be stationed and that an emperor of the past wanted to keep his soldiers out of view in order to keep his war preparations secret. However, these caves could not have been built in a short period of time. They would have taken many, many years to build so it is unlikely to have been done in preparation for war, which tends to come about much more quickly. Furthermore, there are no signs of people having stayed in the caves.

Despite decades of research, very few answers have emerged to explain the enigma of the Longyou Caves . Our ancient ancestors have achieved many wondrous things throughout history, but this discovery from China is truly an unsolved mystery which has yet to be cracked.

THE MYSTERY OF THE LONGYOU CAVES

Link: https://peacelilysite.com/2023/03/24/the-mystery-of-the-longyou-caves/

#Travel #TravelChina #LongyouCaves #Mistery

Source: https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/longyou-caves-001248, https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/08/the-mystery-of-the-longyou-caves/134874

Zhangjiajie National Forest Park

linda changLeave a comment

A Natural Wonderland of Pillar Rock Formations and Majestic Scenery

Nestled in the central-eastern region of China lies the Zhangjiajie National Park, a sprawling park that is part of the Wulingyuan Scenic Area, featuring several protected areas that boast breathtaking natural wonders. The park, covering an area of 18.59 square miles (48.15 sq km), has been recognized as a GANP (Global Geoparks Network) Ambassador Park, and it is no surprise why it has earned such an honor. The park is home to the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, which served as the inspiration for the film Avatar, making it a must-see destination for tourists and nature lovers alike.

One of the most remarkable features of the park is its dense forests, deep ravines, deep canyons, unusual peaks, caves, and pillar-like rock formations that are scattered throughout the area. These pillar rock formations, which are made of quartz-sandstone and formed by physical erosion caused by the abundant rains, are the park’s most renowned attraction. They are not typical limestone-eroded pillars and are unique to the Zhangjiajie National Park.

The mountainous terrain, the lush forests, and the rolling clouds combine to create breathtaking scenery that inspires various forms of artwork, from literature to paintings, and even films. The landscapes created by the mountains and the pillar-like rock formations are the epitome of Chinese landscapes.

The door to the Heaven, Tianmen Mountain

Visitors to the park have the opportunity to experience the splendor of the national park through various means, including hiking, biking, and taking a cable car or elevator. Two record-holding features in the park that help visitors experience the splendor of the national park are the Bailong Elevator and the Zhangjiajie Grand Canyon Glass Bridge.

The Bailong Elevator, affectionately known as the “hundred dragons sky lift,” is the world’s tallest outdoor lift, and it carries around 50 people at a time up 1,070 feet (326 m) in less than two minutes. From the top, visitors can enjoy stunning views of the surrounding mountains and forests.

The Zhangjiajie Grand Canyon Glass Bridge is the longest and highest pedestrian glass bridge in the world, stretching across 1,410 feet (430 m) at a height of 980 feet (300 m). Walking across the bridge, visitors can experience the thrill of walking on glass while enjoying panoramic views of the canyon and the mountains beyond.

From: https://m.senseluxury.com/guides/Asia-China/article-11148
Bailong Elevator

Features

The five most spectacular sights are the unusual peaks, deep canyons, beautiful waters, thick forests, and mysterious caves.

The scenery of Zhangjiajie National Forest ParkThe scenery of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park

  • The peculiar peaks refer to the 3,000 or more mountain peaks made of quartz sandstones. The three representative peaks are Camel Peak, Drunk Stone Peak, and Five Finger Peak, which are elegant and magnificent.
  • The deep canyons refer to 32 canyons, each more than 2,000 meters in length. The most famous ones are Jinxi Canyon, Shentang Canyon, and 10-Li Gallery Canyon.
  • The beautiful water refers to the more than 800 waterscapes in the scenic area, including streams, springs, lakes, pools, and waterfalls.
  • Caves of different shapes can be found here. The most outstanding is Yellow Dragon Cave, which contains beautiful stalactites.
  • The rural landscapes also attract a lot of visitors. The local farmers are hospitable and you may visit their homes.

Zhangjiajie is picturesque to visit at any time of the year, but April to October is recommended, as winters are cold and the tourist areas are less accessible. But when is it best to go? It depends on the experience you’re looking for.  

For weather, September and October are the best times to go, when the weather is clear and comfortable. 

The national park is busy year-round except for winter from December to February. The peak season is from May to October.  

The short period from early-November to mid-November is considered to be the perfect time with good weather and without heavy crowds.  

Yuanjiajie (‘Yuan Family Territory’ 袁家界) contains “Avatar Hallelujah Mountain“. It is the most popular sight in Zhangjiajie. Yuanjiajie is a butte (steep-sided platform mountain), surrounded by higher peaks, grotesque rock pillars, and deep valleys. The highlights of Yuanjiajie include the First Bridge under Heaven, Avatar Hallelujah Mountain, and ‘Lost Souls Platform’.

The easiest way to get up to Yuanjiajie is by the famous Hundred Dragon Elevator (Bailong Elevator). But we don’t recommend it (unless you arrive before 7 am or descend before 4 pm) due to typical 2-hour lines for the 2-minute ride. A 1–1½-hour hike is a better way if you are fit. 

Tianzi Mountain (‘Heaven Son Mountain’ or ‘Emperor Mountain’ 天子山Tianzishan) offers the best chance of photographing a sea of clouds, mainly during spring or early autumn.

Don’t miss the cable car up to this area. The 30-minute ride will take you through the towering formations and give you the opportunity to take great fly-by photos. 

If your time permits, you can visit Ten-Mile Gallery where you can take a monorail train. After the train, you can hike up to Tianzi Mountain. 

Gold Whip Stream (Jinbian Xi 金鞭溪) is a brook at the foot of the towering mountains. It is about 7½ km (4½ miles) long, about two hours’ walk. 

 It is an easy and relaxing walk along the stream. It gets quieter as you walk farther from the shuttle bus stop. 

The 400-meter-high cliff by Gold Whip Stream is spectacular, especially at sunset. One thing to watch out for is the wild monkeys along the stream. 

Zhangjiajie National Park is an extraordinary destination that should be on every nature lover’s bucket list. It’s a place where visitors can connect with nature, experience the thrill of adventure, and marvel at the beauty of the world around them. Whether you’re a seasoned traveler or a first-time visitor to China, Zhangjiajie National Park is a must-see destination that will leave you breathless and in awe of the natural wonders of our world.

ZHANGJIAJIE China most Amazing National Forest Park (Avatar floating mountains). Best by drone 

A Natural Wonderland of Pillar Rock Formations and Majestic Scenery

Link: https://peacelilysite.com/2023/03/16/zhangjiajie-national-forest-park/

#Travel #TravelChina #ChineseCulture#ZHANGJIAJIE #AmazingNationalForestPark

Leshan Giant Buddha

linda chang1 Comment

Leshan Giant Buddha

Around a 2-hour drive from downtown Chengdu lies one of the most marvelous ancient wonders of China, the Leshan Giant Buddha, also known as Lingyun Giant Buddha. Carved into a cliff-face along a peaceful river, this imposing figure, at 71 meters (over 200 feet) in height, dates back over a thousand years and is the largest and tallest stone Buddha statue in the world.

Carved in the 8th century during the Tang Dynasty, the Leshan Giant Buddha was built during a peak period of Buddhist culture in ancient China. The sculpture depicts Maitreya, a very popular Buddha in the Tang Dynasty. The sutras say that when Maitreya comes into world, the world will be at peace. The female Chinese female sovereign Wu Zetian even proclaimed she was the reincarnation of Maitreya and was a strong advocate of Maitreya sculptures being built as a way to maintain her rule. People liked to carve Maitreya sculptures and believed that Maitreya would bring light and happiness into their lives in the future.

This remarkable historic site was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996. It is an amazing and immense religious relic that was built over a period of 90 years from 713 to 803 AD. The statue was constructed at the confluence of three rivers notorious for their turbulent waters; it was hoped that the Buddha’s presence would help calm the rivers’ waters.

Hai Tong’s Legacy

The Buddhist monk Hai Tong was concerned about the safety of the local people who earned their living around the three rivers. Many people traveling by boat in the area were killed by the turbulent waters each year before the Leshan Giant Buddha was created. Hai Tong decided to carve a statue of Buddha beside the river and believed that this sculpture would appease the river gods and keep the locals safe.

He had begged for over 20 years to accumulate enough money needed to build this statue. During this hard period in his life, he refused official help because the parties who offered it didn’t just want to help him but wanted to gain personal profits from the project. He even gouged out his eyeball in protest against the local authorities. These officials backed off after this behavior. Fortunately, Hai Tong’s disciples continued his work after he passed away and finally completed the sculpture in 803 AD after 90 years of hard work.

There is a cleverly designed drainage system behind the Buddha’s head and between his two ears. This important design aspect is the reason why the great Buddha of Leshan has not eroded despite having existed for thousands of years. The “spectacle”

Interestingly, there haven’t been any shipwrecks since the Buddha was built. Many stones were actually removed from the cliff and transferred to the rivers during construction, which made the waters calmer and safer than before. The project didn’t end after the Leshan Giant Buddha was finished.

Buddhism had been one of the most important religions in ancient China and many other people built statues around the giant Buddha to thank the gods . Numerous small Buddhas were carved around this huge statue. People even excavated the cliff tombs of the Han Dynasty around the Leshan Giant Buddha. Multiple historic sites make the Leshan Giant Buddha particularly important for archaeologists and researching people’s lifestyles in ancient times.

With the most sunny days and beautiful scenery, April and October are the best months of the year to travel to see the Leshan Giant Buddha.

There are two ways for visitors to see the Giant Buddha. One is to walk down from the top near the head and end at its feet. This involves some waiting in line, sometimes for hours on particularly busy days, and larger crowds, as well as many narrow and steep stairs, but offers you a more intimate perspective of the Buddha. This up-close view will allow you to appreciate the statue’s enormity; its shoulders spread over a width of 28 meters (as long as a basketball court!) and its pinky toe is large enough for a person to sit on.

The other option is to view the statue from a boat on the river immediately in front of it. The boat trip allows you to get the best and fullest front-facing view of the Buddha from a distance and is ideal for those who prefer not to wait in line and climb the stairs. The cruise takes around 30 minutes there and back, stopping for several minutes in front of the Buddha for visitors to appreciate the statue and take pictures. It’s best to sit on the right side of the boat, as the Buddha will end up being on that side once you arrive.

Leshan Giant Buddha

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2023/02/23/leshan-giant-buddha/

#Travel#China#LeshanGiantBuddha#Buddhism#MarvelousAncientWonder

Source: https://www.trippest.com/chengdu-travel-guide/leshan-giant-buddha/ https://www.thechinaguide.com/sight/leshan-giant-buddha#:~:text=It’s%20best%20to%20sit%20on,worth%20seeing%20from%20both%20angles.