Maijishan Grottoes, also known as Maiji Mountain Grottoes or Maijishan Caves, is situated in Maiji District, Tianshui City, Gansu Province, in northwest China. Alongside the Longmen Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes, and Dunhuang Grottoes, it holds the esteemed title of being one of the “Four Greatest Grottoes in China.”
If the Mogao Caves are likened to a vast mural museum, the Maijishan Caves undoubtedly resemble an expansive sculpture museum. Boasting 10,632 clay sculptures, Maijishan is hailed as “the Oriental Sculpture Art Exhibition Hall.”
Much like the Parthenon temple in ancient Greece, the stone and clay carvings at Maijishan have been remarkably preserved since ancient times, earning it the moniker of “China’s Parthenon Temple.”
In contrast to the exotic sculptures found in the Mogao Caves, the sculptures in Maijishan are characterized by a more secular, human, and distinctly Chinese quality.
Unlike the exotic sculptures in Mogao Caves, the sculptures in Maijishan Caves are more secularized, human, and more Chinese
The name Maiji in Chinese translates to “piled sheaves of wheat,” reflecting the mountain’s appearance and the origin of its name. The Maijishan Grottoes were initially constructed in A.D. 384-417 and underwent subsequent expansions in dynasties such as Northern Zhou (A.D. 557-581) and Tang (A.D. 618-907). The site currently comprises 221 caves, 10,632 clay sculptures, and over 1300 square meters of murals, earning global acclaim for its exquisite clay sculpture art and recognition as the “Oriental Sculpture Art Exhibition Hall.”
While Maijishan Grottoes may not be as renowned as the other three great grottoes, it stands out as the best-preserved among them. Carved into the steep cliff of the mountain, the caves were not easily accessible, thus escaping much of the destruction that plagued other sites throughout tumultuous periods in history. Today, visitors can marvel at Buddha sculptures and murals along a narrow path clinging to the cliff’s edge.
Located just a few miles south of the main road connecting China and Central Asia, Maijishan emerged as a hub of cross-cultural exchange, drawing hundreds of thousands of itinerants and serving as a historical canvas reflecting the art of 12 distinct dynasties. Indians, Mongols, Huns, Sogdians, Tibetans, Chinese, and others traversed its halls, leaving enduring imprints of their cultures in the form of art.
The mountain’s 194 grottoes stand as tangible evidence of this diverse influence, showcasing seven architectural variations, housing over 7,000 statues, and adorned with more than 100 square meters of murals. Everything within reflects a dedication to Buddhism, from depictions of Siddhartha’s birth to bodhisattvas engaged in meditation and scenes of new devotees arriving. While Maijishan’s physical features initially garnered attention, it is the heritage inscribed, painted, and sculpted onto the soft golden stone that solidified its place in the globalized consciousness of Buddhism, akin to Mount Sumeru, the sacred Buddhist mountain often considered the “mythical axis of the universe.”
The history of Maijishan, like the tales along ancient trade routes, commences with a journey. One account tells of the priest Hsüan-kao meditating at Maijishan, later joined by the shaman T’an-Hung. Together, they founded the mountain’s first monastic community, growing to nearly 300 people before their departure, marking a departure filled with religious fervor, and in T’an-Hung’s case, a morbidly poetic self-immolation in Cochin.
This semi-mythical origin, whether entirely factual or not, undeniably solidified Maijishan as a significant religious site for Chinese rulers. In the Fang-yü sheng-lan, a Sung Dynasty-era book, it is noted that Yao Hsing transformed the mountains, carving 1,000 cliffs and 10,000 images, transforming the cliffs into halls. A stele from 1222 attests to the site’s prominence, with 10,000 people praying there, empires granting land for farming, and seven kingdoms continuously contributing to its maintenance. Subsequent imperial decrees bestowed various names, including “Ching-nien ssu,” “Ying-chien kan ssu,” and “Jui-ying ssu,” before settling on the name Maijishan.
Differences between Maijishan’s Grottoes and Mogao’s
The Maijishan Grottoes and the Mogao Grottoes, both situated in Gansu Province along the Silk Road, offer distinct experiences, prompting consideration for visitors on a Silk Road journey. Despite being grottoes, they differ significantly, making a visit to both a worthwhile endeavor.
- The Maijishan Grottoes are renowned for their clay sculptures, whereas the Mogao Grottoes impress with expansive and beautiful murals. The arid climate in Dunhuang aids mural preservation, while the Maiji Mountain area, with more rainfall and looser mountain rock (clay), is conducive to sculpture carving.
- Sculptures in the Maijishan Caves are primarily plain clay pieces, while in the Mogao Caves, they are predominantly painted sculptures integrated with murals. Buddha statues in Maijishan exhibit a more secularized and daily-life-oriented character.
- The surrounding natural landscapes vary. Maijishan Caves, located in the Maiji Mountain Reserve area, offer a summer retreat with lush trees and springs, providing opportunities to explore diverse wildlife. In contrast, the Mogao Grottoes are situated in the Gobi Desert, surrounded by wild desert scenery.
- The Maiji Grottoes were carved into a steep 100-meter-high cliff face, requiring travelers to ascend the “floating plank road” for a more adventurous experience. In comparison, the Mogao Grottoes were carved into a 30-meter-high sandstone outcrop distributed over four floors.
The breathtaking Maiji Caves, carved into the steep cliffs of Maiji Mountain, stand about 100 meters (330 feet) above the ground, divided into East and West Cliffs. These caves, resembling honeycombs in hives, are interconnected by plank walkways suspended in the air from the cliff face.
Have you ever pondered how this feat was accomplished over a thousand years ago without modern machinery?
Legend has it that the Maijishan Grottoes were excavated at the expense of clearing all the woods near Maiji Mountain. Ancient people built wooden scaffolds from the mountain’s foot to the top, serving as precursors to the later generations’ “plank roads.”
During the Tang Dynasty (618–907), an earthquake divided Maiji Mountain into two cliffs, east and west. Over subsequent dynasties — Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing — the Maijishan Grottoes underwent development, evolving into the cohesive complex seen today.
The Maijishan Caves stand as a testament to human wisdom and art along the Silk Road, embodying profound respect for Buddhism and an unending yearning for a better life.
Part of the Maiji Mountain Scenic Reserve area (including Xianren (‘Fairy’) Cliff, Shimen, Quxi, and Jieting Hot Spring), the Maijishan Grottoes boast diverse forests and a rich array of plants and animals.
While the Maijishan Grottoes can be visited year-round, the best time to explore the Maiji Mountain Scenic Reserve area is from July to October when the mountain, adorned with dense foliage, provides an ideal summer getaway.
Maijishan Grottoes – Buddhist Treasure Well-preserved on Maiji Mountain Cliff
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Source: https://globalheritagefund.org/2018/02/13/inside-the-lost-grottoes-of-maijishan/, https://www.chinadiscovery.com/gansu/maijishan-grottoes.html, https://www.chinahighlights.com/tianshui/attraction/mount-maiji-grottoes.htm
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