Yuanmou Earth Forest

Yuanmou Earth Forest is a breathtaking area of clay formations that have developed over the past 1.5 million years. Located 210 km northwest of Kunming, this scenic wonderland features rocks composed of sand mixed with clay, giving them a distinctive yellow color and loose texture. These rocks have undergone extensive weathering, making their surface resemble earth, and they glisten like gold under the sunlight. Some are as large as castles, while others resemble pylons, all in various magnificent shapes. The earth forest covers a wide area in the Yuanmou Basin, with different regions exhibiting unique features based on the extent of weathering and erosion. Three notable scenic sites within the area are Tiger Leaping Sands, Ban Guo, and Xin Hua, each with its own distinct characteristics.

Tiger Leaping Sands is considered the most spectacular site within the Yuanmou Earth Forests. From a distance, the rocks resemble an ancient deserted castle. Tall, straight rock pillars appear as remnants of a shrine, and the rock walls resemble the enclosure of an ancient palace. What makes it truly unique is the three-color ‘roof’ on top of the ‘castle’ – red, brown, and black. This coloration is due to rain permeating the rock, causing ferrous and calcium substances to coagulate into an impermeable layer. As other parts eroded away, this layer naturally protruded and formed an ‘umbrella’ that preserved the rocks below.

Exploring this hidden world, you’ll be captivated by the abrupt clay formations that glisten like yellow crystals emerging from the ground. These formations vary in shapes, heights, and volumes, each resembling a piece of indescribable artwork.

Collectively, they create an intricate maze filled with mystery and sublime beauty. Some liken Yuanmou Earth Forest to a weathered golden monastery, a desolate Gothic church, or a giant shrine ravaged by fierce elements.

When illuminated by sunlight, these clay columns emit sparkling rays, a rare phenomenon likened to China’s clay version of the Parthenon. At twilight, their silhouettes resemble gothic structures, transforming the fairyland into a haunting terrain. It takes great courage to explore and walk among them.

To fully appreciate the beauty of Yuanmou Earth Forest, viewing from above is recommended. A bird’s-eye view reveals the meandering Longchuan River, a tributary of the Jinsha River (a major tributary of the Yangtze River), flowing like a silver ribbon alongside the attention-grabbing golden patchworks on its west bank, where you’ll find Earth Forests of Banguo, Tiger Leaping Shoal, Wanbao, Xiaoleizai, and Xinhua covering an area spanning over 5 square kilometers.

Photo taken on Nov. 17, 2021 shows the scenery of earth forest in Yuanmou County, southwest China’s Yunnan Province. The earth forest, which was formed by geological movement and soil erosion, is basically in color of yellow and the color varies in different parts. (Xinhua/Wang Guansen)

Yuanmou Earth Forest’s clay formations can be categorized into four styles based on shapes and formation processes: Earth Bud Style, Castle Style, Bamboo Shoot Style, and Mushroom Style. Earth Bud Style formations, though small, serve as precursors to other types, while Castle Style formations are larger, typically measuring 2 to 5 meters in height.

Earth Bud Style

Due to varying degrees of cementation and semi-cementation, sedimentary rocks have different water content in clay minerals and varying expansion coefficients after water absorption. Surface rock layers are subject to long-term weathering, resulting in a series of cracks. Surface runoff and rainwater initially erode along these cracks and soft rock layers, forming soil buds with heights and diameters less than 1 meter and relative heights less than 1 meter. This type serves as the embryonic form for developing other types of earth forests.

Castle Style

The continuous flow of water erodes and cuts into the base of soil buds, along vertical fissures, horizontal fissures, and other forms of cracks in the strata, as well as erosion and abrasion along the surfaces of soft and hard rock layers. This process forms shapes such as arches, platforms, and vertical shafts, creating an environment reminiscent of ancient castles.

These types of soil columns generally have a connected base, with a thick and rounded or serrated top, occupying a relatively large area and standing 2-5 meters in relative height. However, the flat tops and arches below these columns often collapse under the effects of flowing water and gravity, causing the columns to separate and evolve into other types of soil columns.

Bamboo Shoot Style

This type of earth forest is primarily composed of sand and clay, with loose consolidation and no hard covering layer at the top. As a result, it undergoes erosion and cutting by rainwater and surface runoff, forming conical soil columns. These earth pillars have sharp tops, resembling large bamboo shoots after rain or the pointed tip of a pagoda, with heights generally ranging from 5 to 10 meters.

Iron Cap Style

As a typical category of earth forest, it is the most widely distributed. Due to the leaching effect of surface water on iron, silica, and calcium in the strata, these elements gradually dissolve, penetrate, and filter to the interface of the impermeable layer, where they precipitate and accumulate, cementing the upper strata to form iron oxide caps or silica/calcium iron caps. Under the erosion and scouring action of water flow, these caps gradually expose themselves at the tops of columns, acting as natural “umbrellas” that protect the soil columns from direct erosion and scouring by flowing water and intense sunlight.

The “iron cap” above and the soil column below merge into one, forming a variety of unique landscapes within the earth forest. Some resemble old fishermen fishing, some resemble soldiers going to battle, some resemble standing cranes, and some resemble galloping wild horses, creating yet another extraordinary sight within the earth forest.