Xiaoxitian, originally known as Qianfo’an (The Hermitage of a Thousand Buddhas), was founded in the second year of the Chongzhen reign of the Ming Dynasty (1629). It stands atop Phoenix Mountain, about one kilometer west of Xixian County in Linfen, Shanxi Province.
Built entirely in harmony with the mountain, the temple unfolds in layers, as if it had grown naturally from the slope itself. Stone steps lead visitors upward, passing through courtyards divided by arched cave-like gateways. The upper, middle, and front courtyards are connected yet distinct, creating a spatial rhythm that is winding, intimate, and quietly profound. As one walks through the complex, footsteps instinctively slow, and time itself seems to soften.
The architecture of Xiaoxitian is restrained rather than ostentatious, yet its mastery reveals itself everywhere. Painted beams are elegant and dignified, and many of the halls are ingeniously built as two-story structures, creating a rich sense of vertical space within the limited mountain terrain. The bell and drum towers stand in stillness, inviting the imagination to wander back to an age when morning bells and evening drums echoed through the valley.
Stepping into the Mahavira Hall is a moment of sudden awe. Nearly the entire interior is filled with suspended polychrome sculptures—more than 1,900 figures, layered from floor to ceiling. From towering Buddhas over three meters high to figures no larger than a thumb, the sculptures are densely arranged yet never chaotic, solemn yet vibrantly alive. In that instant, one understands why Xiaoxitian is revered as the “Museum of Chinese Hanging Sculpture Art.”
Unlike many Buddhist temples that draw attention primarily to their principal Buddhas, the Mahavira Hall at Xiaoxitian is celebrated for the immersive world it creates as a whole. At its core stand the Medicine Buddha, Amitabha, Shakyamuni, Vairocana, and Maitreya, but surrounding them unfolds an entire celestial realm: the Ten Great Disciples, six young novices, the Ten Wisdom Kings, the Six Desire Heavens, and countless heavenly musicians dancing through the air.
Most unforgettable are the celestial musicians suspended within the tiered “sky pavilions” above the altars. Their figures are light and graceful, sleeves flowing as if caught in an eternal breeze, frozen in a moment of unending heavenly music. Some play the pipa, others hold flutes, while some seem to dance midair. One pipa-playing figure, leaning slightly forward with fingers poised on the strings, radiates such focus and elegance that one can almost hear the melody drifting across centuries.
Looking up toward the roof, the tri-colored glazed chiwen ornaments—yellow, green, and blue—gleam softly in the light. Their refined brilliance reflects the unmistakable aesthetic of the Ming Dynasty. Here, architecture, sculpture, and color merge seamlessly, and one forgets that this is a mountain temple at all. It feels instead like stepping into a floating Buddha realm, suspended between earth and sky.
That these sculptures have survived nearly four hundred years in such vivid detail inspires deep reverence. They represent not only the pinnacle of craftsmanship, but also a profound devotion—to faith, to beauty, and to a harmonious vision of the cosmos.
Perhaps what truly moves the heart at Xiaoxitian is not only the astonishing number of its hanging sculptures or the rare Ming Yongle Northern Buddhist Canon once preserved here, but something more enduring: a spiritual presence that has remained vibrant across centuries. It quietly reminds us that beyond the noise of the modern world, there still exists a place of serenity and dignity—carefully upheld by time itself.
California is home to numerous Buddhist temples, each offering a distinct school of teaching to inspire and guide practitioners. Among them, Hua Zang Si, a unique Buddhist temple in San Francisco, particularly captured my attention as I live in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Hua Zang Si is dedicated to the authentic teachings of Sakyamuni Buddha and H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III and provides pre-recorded oral teaching expounded by H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III for visitors to listen to. However, other than Sakyamuni Buddha—historically known as Prince Siddhartha—who is this Buddha, H. H. Dorje Chang Buddha III?
“In the entire universe, Dorje Chang Buddha is the first Buddha with form and is the highest Buddha. That is, the highest leader of Buddhism in the entire universe came into being in the form of Dorje Chang Buddha. It was Dorje Chang Buddha who began transmitting dharma and saving living beings in the dharmadhatu. As a result, Buddhism was born and the Buddha-dharma began spreading.”
This extensive text of book provides a detailed account of H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III, documenting the profound realization and supreme achievements of the true Buddha-dharma as demonstrated by the highest Buddha in the world.
Numerous awe-inspiring accounts of H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III, a revered Buddhist master—indeed, the highest Buddhist master—can be found in various publications and online sources. A documented example is the Buddha’s ability to predict the arrival of a flock of birds and accurately describe their actions upon arrival—an extraordinary and precise demonstration of insight.
This remarkable event, known as The Holy Feat, occurred in Mexico in 2014 and was witnessed firsthand by numerous Buddhist disciples, all of whom provided sworn testimonies under their own names, attesting to the authenticity of what they observed.
Attending a single temple, such as Hua Zang Si in San Francisco, which propagates complete Buddhism of all Buddhas will enable you to learn diverse practices, such as Zen meditation, the chanting of Buddhas’ and Bodhisattvas’ names, and Tibetan Dharma practices—these latter being transmitted only in accordance with an individual’s specific karmic affinity with the yidam and their karmic conditions at the time. Additionally, sutra chanting – a focus on Mahayana Buddhism and other Buddhist practices are available, ensuring a holistic approach to your spiritual cultivation.
How can I learn Buddhism directly from the Buddha? The monastics at Hua Zang Si recommend attending the temple or visiting Dharma-Listening Session centers worldwide to respectfully listen to the prerecorded Dharma teachings.
The temple offers additional religious services, including chanting and blessing services, group study meetings, support groups, Fish Release (field trips to release and save lives), and Buddhist storytime. The temple also hosts larger Dharma assemblies as part of its annual schedule. The Buddhist practice can be a lot of fun!
As a Buddhist disciple following the teachings of H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III, I have found solace in the voice and wisdom of the Buddha. Through these teachings, I have learned to seek answers, clarity, wisdom, and strength to navigate both the joys and challenges of life.
I hope you, too, will find confidence in searching for a true, holy, and virtuous Buddhist master—one whom you can rely on not only in this lifetime but all the way until you attain enlightenment and become a Buddha yourself. This attainment is guaranteed by all Buddhas as long as we diligently cultivate ourselves with sincerity and perseverance.
In the Buddhist scriptures of China, a profound story is recorded—one that illuminates the immeasurable merit of a sincere offering.
Once, there was a poor girl who survived by begging. She often watched wealthy young ladies, accompanied by attendants, visit the temple to offer alms and perform good deeds. Seeing their generosity, she felt a deep yearning to cultivate merit but had nothing to give. Determined, she worked tirelessly to save whatever she could. After much effort, she managed to save a single coin. Though small in value, it represented all she had. With unwavering devotion, she took her humble offering to the temple.
The abbot, upon learning of her sincerity, was deeply moved. He gathered his disciples and announced, “Today, I will personally preside over the offering and pray for this devout laywoman!”
Not long after, an extraordinary turn of events unfolded.
After the queen of the land passed away, the grieving king sank into sorrow. To lift his spirits, his ministers organized a hunting expedition. As the royal party rode through the forest, the king noticed a shimmering light ahead. Curious, he approached and discovered a breathtakingly beautiful young woman. Though her clothes were tattered, she radiated an ethereal grace.
Captivated by her presence, the king brought her back to the palace. Before long, she became his new queen.
Overjoyed by her newfound fortune, she reflected on her past: “This must be the reward of my small act of generosity! I only donated one coin, yet it planted the seed for such incredible merit. Now that I have wealth, I should return to the temple to express my gratitude with a much grander offering!”
Determined to make a grand gesture, she dressed in the finest attire, adorned herself with jewels, and loaded dozens of carts with silver and gold for donation. As she approached the temple, she thought, “Before, when I gave only one coin, the abbot personally prayed for me. Now that I bring such vast riches, surely the reception will be even greater!”
Upon her arrival, she expected an elaborate welcome. Yet, to her surprise, only a few monks came to receive her offerings, and the rituals were conducted in the usual manner.
Perplexed, she approached an elderly monk and asked, “Why is it that when I was poor and donated a single coin, the abbot himself prayed for me? Yet today, when I bring such wealth, only a few monks perform the prayers?”
The monk smiled gently and replied, “At that time, your single coin was all you had. You gave it with pure devotion and joy, holding nothing back. Now, though you bring great wealth, it is but a fraction of your fortune, and your heart is tainted with pride. The true merit of an offering comes not from its size but from the sincerity of the giver’s heart.”
Shakyamuni Buddha taught that for a donation to generate immense benefit, it must possess three essential qualities:
Before Giving – A Joyful Heart True generosity begins with happiness. The donor should give not out of duty, pressure, or expectation of reward, but with a heart full of joy, seeing giving as an opportunity to cultivate virtue and compassion.
While Giving – A Clear and Sincere Mind The act of giving should be free from hesitation, regret, or pride. A pure offering is made with an open heart, solely for the benefit of others, without seeking recognition or return.
After Giving – A Sense of Fulfillment Once the offering is made, the giver should not feel regret or attachment. Instead, they should feel a deep sense of satisfaction, knowing they have planted seeds of merit for the future.
This story serves as a timeless lesson: It is not the amount we give that determines the merit of our offering, but the purity of our heart. A sincere and joyful offering—no matter how small—carries boundless blessings.
So the next time you give, remember: True generosity is not measured in gold or silver, but in the depth of your sincerity.
Autumn is often called “Golden Autumn,” a name inspired by the vibrant yellow hues of trees and plants that adorn the season. Among them, the ginkgo tree stands out, its radiant golden leaves creating a spectacle often described as “magnificent” and “resplendent.” This season marks the peak of the ginkgo tree’s beauty, transforming landscapes into breathtaking golden vistas.
A Living Fossil of Resilience
The ginkgo tree, also known as Ginkgo biloba or the “maidenhair tree,” is a living fossil, dating back over 150 million years. It is the sole survivor of an ancient plant lineage, standing tall as a testament to nature’s endurance. With its unique fan-shaped, two-lobed leaves that turn brilliant yellow in fall, the ginkgo has earned its place as a symbol of both beauty and longevity.
This ancient tree boasts remarkable regenerative powers. Mature ginkgo trees often give rise to thriving saplings, symbolizing vitality and the continuation of life. In Chinese culture, this resilience is likened to familial prosperity, embodying aspirations for blessings and generational success.
Medicinal Value and Modern Research
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the ginkgo has significant medicinal properties. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) uses its leaves and seeds for various remedies. Today, modern science highlights ginkgo leaf extract for its rich antioxidant content and potential benefits for brain function, circulation, and overall well-being.
A Sacred Symbol in Buddhism
In Chinese tradition, the ginkgo tree holds deep cultural and spiritual meaning. It symbolizes purity, endurance, and good fortune. Within Buddhism, the ginkgo is revered as the “Buddha tree,” representing enlightenment and spiritual resilience. Its longevity and abundant fruit make it a substitute for the sacred Bodhi tree in many temples.
During autumn, the ginkgo’s golden canopy creates a serene atmosphere in temple grounds, harmonizing with the red walls and golden roofs. This visual splendor evokes reverence and awe, inspiring mindfulness and devotion among practitioners.
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Ginkgo Tree at Xi’an’s Guanyin Zen Temple: A 1,400-Year-Old Beauty
The Thousand-Year-Old Ginkgo Tree at Tanzhe Temple, titled the “Emperor Tree” by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, is an extraordinary natural treasure. Standing over 24 meters tall with a trunk diameter exceeding 4 meters, it takes six or seven people joining hands to encircle its massive base. The tree’s canopy spans an area of more than 600 square meters, providing ample shade. Estimated to be over 1,300 years old, this tree is a testament to resilience and history.
Ginkgo Tree at Tanzhe Temple
Dinghui Temple, a favorite spot for Suzhou residents to photograph ginkgo trees, is home to two towering, century-old ginkgo trees standing prominently in front of the main hall. In autumn, their golden leaves cascade to the ground, creating a dazzling and picturesque scene. (photos from https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20231105A07FBH00)
Suzhou City: DingHui Temple
At the ancient Huiji Temple, Nanjing City, three venerable ginkgo trees, each over 1,500 years old, grace the temple grounds. As autumn arrives, their golden leaves blanket the treetops, creating a breathtaking contrast against the temple’s white walls and dark-tiled roofs. The scene resembles a magnificent ink-wash painting, captivating visitors with its timeless beauty. (photos from https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20231105A07FBH00)
Artistic and Symbolic Significance
The ginkgo tree’s durable and fine-grained wood is prized for carving Buddha statues, earning it the moniker “Buddha’s fingernail.” Its leaves, resembling flames, symbolize light and warmth. In Buddhist tradition, the golden hue of ginkgo leaves reflects the nobility and purity of the Buddha’s body, which represents eternal light and wisdom.
The Buddha’s golden body, seen as untainted and impervious to worldly suffering, mirrors the ginkgo’s enduring nature. Similarly, the Buddha’s radiance is believed to dispel darkness, illuminate ignorance, and guide all beings toward compassion and enlightenment.
A Tree of Light and Legacy
The ginkgo tree, with its awe-inspiring beauty and profound cultural significance, is more than just a tree—it is a symbol of life, hope, and spiritual awakening. Its golden leaves remind us of the light within, inspiring resilience and reverence for nature’s timeless wisdom.
As we marvel at the ginkgo tree’s breathtaking beauty and the profound symbolism it holds, let it also serve as a gentle reminder of our responsibility to protect the natural world. These ancient trees, along with the countless wonders of nature, depend on our collective efforts to preserve their existence. By cherishing and safeguarding our planet, we ensure that future generations can continue to experience and draw inspiration from the harmonious balance and enduring wisdom of nature.
Pingyao Ancient City – The Best-preserved Ancient City in China
Pingyao Ancient City, with over 2,700 years of history, remains one of China’s best-preserved ancient cities. Its authentic layout features long, ancient city walls, elegant residences, courtyards, and a maze of streets and alleys that evoke the bustling county life of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Designated a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site in 1997 alongside Shuanglin and Zhenguo Temples, Pingyao is one of the Four Most-Preserved Ancient Cities in China, making it a must-visit for those keen on history and culture.
A Journey Through Time
Pingyao was founded during the Western Zhou Dynasty in the 8th century BC, and it grew significantly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Unlike many ancient cities, it has survived wars and modernization, making it even older and more intact than famous counterparts like Lijiang Old Town, Huizhou Ancient City, and Langzhong Ancient City.
As the seat of county government since the Qin Dynasty (221 BC), Pingyao’s prominence only increased when its city walls were rebuilt and expanded in 1370. With over 400 ancient residential houses, government offices, shops, banks, and temples still standing, the city offers visitors a glimpse into traditional Chinese life, commerce, and religion.
Pingyao’s Unique Architecture
The architecture of Pingyao is one of its greatest treasures. Beyond its famous city walls and financial institutions, the city’s homes and structures reveal traditional design principles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Constructed using ancient techniques and materials, Pingyao’s buildings retain exquisite details in layout, decorations, and craftsmanship. When viewed from above, the city’s layout resembles a turtle, with the Southern Gate as its head, the Northern Gate as its tail, and the east and west gates representing its limbs.
Must-See Highlights in Pingyao
Ancient City Wall Built in 1370, Pingyao’s city walls stretch over 6,163 meters and are considered among the best-preserved in China. The walls stand 12 meters high, and at the top, you can explore 72 watchtowers, said to symbolize the 72 disciples of Confucius. Walking along the walls offers breathtaking views of the city below, the surrounding countryside, and the ancient military equipment once used to defend this historic town.
Rishengchang Former Bank As China’s first modern bank, established in 1823, Rishengchang revolutionized financial operations in the Qing Dynasty. The museum here offers a fascinating look at China’s banking history, with exhibits on ancient financial tools, account books, and original working scenes.
North China First Escort Agency Known for its armed escorts protecting valuables, this agency thrived during the Qing Dynasty. Today, it’s a museum that tells the history of these brave escorts, showcasing the tools and techniques they used to safeguard goods during China’s bustling commercial era.
Pingyao Ancient Government Office Dating back over 600 years, this grand office complex served as the seat of government in feudal China. Visitors can tour its judicial halls, ancient jails, and living quarters, and even watch performances of ancient court proceedings.
Temple of the City God One of the most well-preserved City God temples in China, this Ming Dynasty complex is located in the eastern part of the city. With stunning wooden architecture, colored glazes, and vibrant frescoes, it’s a peaceful spot to take in the spiritual atmosphere while admiring the craftsmanship of centuries past.
Exploring Beyond the City
Pingyao Ancient City is part of a UNESCO-listed trio that includes the nearby Shuanglin and Zhenguo Temples, each rich with history and cultural significance.
Zhenguo Temple Although less known, Zhenguo Temple is a hidden gem, offering an impressive array of ancient painted sculptures from the Five Dynasties period. The Ten Thousand Buddha Hall houses statues with a powerful presence, showcasing techniques that date back to the Tang Dynasty.
Shuanglin Temple Located just 6 kilometers from Pingyao, Shuanglin Temple is a masterpiece of Chinese painted sculpture, with over 2,000 Ming Dynasty statues that appear lifelike, capturing human emotions and worldly charm.
The Thousand-hand Avalokitesvara
A Culinary Adventure in Pingyao
Pingyao boasts 108 types of local snacks and dishes, with noodles being the star. The city’s famous Pingyao Beef is a must-try, thinly sliced and bursting with flavor. Another local favorite is Pingyao Wantuo, a buckwheat dish with a chewy texture that’s perfect for summer, known for its cooling and detoxifying properties.
The environment is also a quaint restaurant
Tips for a Budget-Friendly Trip
Many tourist traps in Pingyao are located near the city’s outer entrances. Avoid being lured in by promotions outside and head straight into the ancient city for an authentic experience. Once inside, you can explore freely, with many areas open to the public.
Ancient City Pass: The ¥125 pass includes access to 22 attractions, such as the city walls, government offices, and temples. If you’re just looking to wander the streets and grab a bite, entry to the ancient city itself is free. The pass is valid for three days and can be purchased via the official “Pingyao Ancient City Scenic Area” mini-program. Discounts are available for students, military personnel, and seniors.
Where to Stay: Accommodations in Pingyao
Staying inside the ancient city is the best way to fully immerse yourself in Pingyao’s charm. Not only is it convenient for sightseeing, but it also allows you to enjoy the beautiful night views and avoid the peak tourist times. Homestays within the city are affordable, ranging from ¥100-200+ per night, with some offering traditional heated beds that add a touch of historical authenticity to your stay.
However, be sure to check the reviews and photos before booking, as the quality of accommodations can vary. Some rooms may be small or lack private bathrooms, so it’s essential to do a little research beforehand.
Pingyao Ancient City is vast, so if your time is limited, focus on exploring the main attractions around South Street and East Street. For those staying longer, take the time to wander the quieter alleys to experience local life and discover hidden gems beyond the tourist hotspots.
Pingyao Ancient City offers a unique window into China’s rich history and cultural heritage. With its well-preserved architecture, vibrant temples, and fascinating museums, it’s a destination that promises to transport you back in time, offering unforgettable experiences at every turn.
Some ancient structures were purposely and skillfully constructed at the riskiest of locations or sometimes just had their appearance altered to reflect a sense of danger and awe. These ancient buildings are so remarkable that even modern scientists are amazed and astounded by them.
There are 10 most dangerous structures in the world, XuanKongSi Temple in China is one of them. Temples and monasteries were usually built on the ground, and if there was no money or it was necessary to hide from someone, then under the ground in caves. It seems impossible to think of anything else, but the temple tells us otherwise. It turns out that in one of the northern provinces of China, there is a so-called Hanging Temple which seems to be attached to the Rock at a height of 75 meters. It was built almost 1500 years ago in 491 during the northern Wei Dynasty. The Chinese call this Temple complex XuanKongSi.
The temple is located in Shanxi Province, 65 kilometers southeast of the city of Datang, it looks as if the entire Temple is held up on a steep Cliff by the power of Prayer. Perhaps prayers help because the temple is unique; it is the only Temple of three religions in China. It combines Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian altars. It has everything that other temples have: the main gate, the bells, and drum Towers, the main and side Halls. The largest structure of the monastery is called sangana, and it stands on a stone ledge. There are also 40 halls in Pavilions, but they are smaller than the sangana. They are built on pallets that lie on beams hammered into the Rocks. The rock is used as the back wall of the rooms, and niches are made in it for statues. The larger the niches, the more statues they contain, and the larger they are.
Upon first glance, the temple’s buildings seem to have been partially swallowed by an expanding mountain rather than built onto and into it. Some of the pathways that connect the separate buildings are hewn into the mountain. Others feature the same design as the buildings themselves – parked atop seemingly impossibly-thin wooden poles.
It is composed of three main sections:
North Pavilion
This pavilion is three storeys tall, 4 metres (13 feet) wide and 7 metres (23 feet) in length. Wufo Hall, which is located on the lowest floor is dedicated to the Five Dhyani Buddhas. Above it is Guanyin Hall and on the top storey is Sanjiao Hall. Sanjiao Hall, or the Hall of the Three Religions is widely regarded as the most important room in the Hanging Temple, at least in terms of symbology. It contains large statues of Buddha Shakyamuni, Lao-Tze and Confucius standing together.
SanJiao Hall
Given that the Hanging Temple is the only surviving example of the concept of the Three Teachings Harmonious as One, the Hall of Three Religions is perhaps the most important of these chambers. The idea of Three Teachings Harmonious as One, which emphasises the complementary nature and unifying ideas of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, flourished during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Accordingly, the hall features sculptures of deities of all three religions. Three large statues take centre stage here: Buddha Shakyamuni in the middle, flanked by Lao-Tze on his left and Confucius on his right.
GuanYin Hall
South Pavilion
Slightly larger than the North Pavilion, it is also three storeys tall and 4 metres wide but longer at 8 meters (26 feet). The North Pavilion contains Sanguan Hall. It is the biggest hall of the Hanging Temple and is home to a 2-metre tall clay sculpture, the largest in the complex. On the middle storey is Chunyang Palace, which is dedicated to Lü Dongbin, one of the Eight Immortals of Taoism. He is the most popular Taoist character in Chinese culture. Leiyin Hall, which is dedicated to Buddhist deities is on the top storey.
The Long Bridge
The top storeys of the two pavilions are linked by a 10-metre (30 feet) bridge (a stairway has been cut into the mountainside to link the lowest storeys). A small balcony for worshipping sits above the bridge.
However, as impressive as the Hanging Temple appears from the outside, the bulk of the builders’ efforts went into the portion of the complex that is ensconced within the rock. 40 halls and pavilions lie inside, covering an area of 125 m2.
The biggest and most prominent halls are the Hall of Three Religions, Guanyin (Avalokiteshvara) Hall, Hall of Shakyamuni, Qielan Hall (Hall of Sangharama), Sanguan Hall (Hall of the Three Officials) and Chunyang Hall.
Spread throughout the other halls are 78 sculptures made from stone, terracotta, copper and iron. They are remarkable for their vivid and detailed depiction of facial features and clothing.
Construction
Despite its precarious location and the logistical challenges construction must have presented, no design feature that is seen in other temples of the period has been spared. The two main buildings sport traditional multiple-roof designs, eaves and balconies with images of auspicious creatures like dragons common to Chinese holy structures.
Today, the part of the temple that extends beyond the face of the cliff is supported by poles made of oak. These poles have been inserted into holes chiselled out of the rock. From a distance, the brown oaken poles meld into the background, making the temple appear to float in the air.
Amazingly, the real support framework for the temple complex is hidden within the mountain and the structure itself. If these external vertical poles were removed, the hanging temple would continue to hang!
While it’s impossible to overlook the fact that the architecture disrupts the natural rock wall formation, a closer examination reveals something quite astounding. The way the roof, walls, and other structures seamlessly integrate with the rock pattern suggests that significant care and effort were put into minimizing any unnecessary destruction.
A unique mechanical theory guided the construction of the framework. Crossbeams were partially inserted into the rock as the foundation, while the rock in the back provided support. The Hanging Monastery seems to defy gravity, appearing to float in midair.
At certain points, a roof will abruptly end at an outcrop, only to resume on the other side, leaving the stone intact. This not only benefits the structural integrity of the building but also signifies a harmony with nature, a state to which all Buddhists aspire.
Construction experts from countries including Britain, Germany, and Italy have visited the monastery. In their opinion, the Hanging Monastery, which melds mechanics, aesthetics, and Buddhism, is a rarity. The monastery and everything it represents is a significant cultural achievement of the Chinese people.
The Mount Wuzhong, also known as Misty Mountain and formerly referred to as Daguangming Mountain, Tiancheng Mountain, and Wushan, is a significant Buddhist pilgrimage site situated along the ancient Sichuan-to-India trade route, often referred to as the Southern Silk Road, within ancient China. It is located in Wushan Township, north of Dayi County, 25 kilometers from the county seat, and 80 kilometers from Chengdu. To its east lies Qinglong Mountain, to the south it connects with Daping, to the west it borders Wayao (also known as Baihushan), and to the north, it meets Longwo. The primary peak elevates to 1638 meters, with Jiulong Mountain and Jingang Mountain to the north and Hongyan Mountain to the west. Covering an expansive area of several square kilometers, it is aptly known as the “72 peaks” due to the constant presence of clouds and mist, hence earning its moniker as the “Misty Mountain.”
Historical records, such as the Ming Dynasty’s “Kaihuasi Stele Inscription” and the “Records of Misty Mountain,” reveal that as early as the Western Han Dynasty, Mount Wuzhong was renowned for its breathtaking natural beauty and mysterious wonders that left people in awe. It was described as a “land adorned in golden cloth and adorned with jade-like peaks, filled with endless wonders that inspired astonishment and amazement.” It was even considered “the place where the ancient Buddha Amitabha performed miracles.” In the 16th year of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, responding to recommendations from the imperial court, Emperor Ming dispatched the courtier Fu Ying, accompanied by two distinguished monks from ancient India – the venerable monks Kashyapa Matanga and Zhu Falan – to establish a Buddhist temple on the mountain. Their mission was to propagate Buddhism and disseminate its teachings, thereby benefiting people far and wide with the nectar of Buddhist wisdom.
During the Ming Dynasty, Buddhism at Misty Mountain reached its zenith. The mountain boasted a total of seventy-two peaks, nine passes, and one hundred and eight winding paths, accommodating one hundred and eighty temples and forty-eight hermitages. According to the “Records of Misty Mountain,” it was described as a place “spanning dozens of square miles north of the two rivers and south of Longwo, with buildings scattered like black houses, without overcrowding.” “Monasteries and temples were as numerous as stars in the sky, surrounding the mountain from all sides, too numerous to count.” In modern terms, the total constructed area exceeded 400,000 square meters, equivalent to the size of a medium-sized city. During the Ming Zhengtong era, the emperor established the Dugang Institute at Misty Mountain, with the venerable monk Yuanxi serving as the official historian, overseeing all temple affairs. The temples at Misty Mountain were so prosperous and grand in scale during that period that a local saying emerged: “There are 25 thousand great monks, and the number of ordinary monks is beyond count.”
Eminent scholar Yang Sheng An, during his travels in Misty Mountain, inscribed a couplet on the “Heavenly Mountain” archway, proclaiming, “There is no match in the world; Misty Mountain is the number one.” With Yang Shen’s profound insight, he boldly asserted that Misty Mountain was unrivaled, and in the “Inscription of Kaihuasi temples at Misty Mountain,” he referred to this place as the “supreme stronghold of Chan (Zen) Buddhism.” This attests that during the Ming Dynasty, the prestige of Buddhism at Misty Mountain remained unmatched by other mountains in the region.
The Buddhist temple – KaihuaSi – established by the venerable monks Kashyapa Matanga and Zhu Falan was erected just six years after the White Horse Temple, often regarded as the first temple in Chinese Buddhist history. Therefore, it holds the distinction of being the second temple in the annals of Chinese Buddhism’s history and the first temple for the transmission of Buddhism from the south. Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty bestowed upon it the name “Daguangming Puzhao Temple.”
KaiHuaSi Temple
Since the Han Dynasty, Mount Wuzhong has been home to renowned monks who have propagated and practiced the Buddhist teachings. During the Yonghe period of the Jin Dynasty, the esteemed Western monk Faxian revitalized Misty Mountain, renaming the temple as Tiancheng Mountain Xianying Temple. In the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, two great masters, Sangha and Senghu, resided here and, by imperial decree, restored the original name of Daguangming Mountain Puzhao Temple. In the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty, Master Yuanze Laochang expanded and embellished the temple, bestowing it with splendor. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, Tibetan monks Pudashaye and Shigaba were once again appointed by imperial decree to rebuild the temple and requested the imperial name “KaiHuaSi at Misty Mountain.” This name has endured for the temple ever since.
Throughout its long history, Kaihuasi at Misty Mountain has withstood nearly two thousand years, bearing witness to the rise and fall of temple structures, yet it persists to this day. In this enduring history, one can discern the resilience of Buddhism, the steadfastness of human hearts, and the enduring nature of faith.
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JiewangSi
In more recent times, two esteemed monks resided within the temples of Misty Mountain: Master PuGuan and Master Guozhang. Both were disciples of H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III, receiving profound Dharma initiations from Him and achieving liberation. In 1998, Master Pu Guan passed away while in meditation, having attained mastery over his life and death. Remarkably, even eight years after his passing, his remains rest within a stupa, preserved in the meditation posture without any signs of decay.
Master Guozhang, a renowned Chinese Buddhist monk, embarked on his monastic journey at a young age on Mount Emei, one of China’s four famous Buddhist mountains. In his middle years, he ventured to Kangding in Tibet, where he received empowerment from the Supreme Vajradhara, H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III, who became his fundamental guru. Subsequently, he served as the abbot of Jiulao Cave on Mount Emei. Master Guozhang was celebrated for his unwavering commitment to monastic precepts, profound spiritual realization, and his extraordinary ability to tame wild animals on the mountain. Legends even spoke of his capacity to hear conversations between heavenly beings and humans.
In 1992, both Master Puguan and Master Guozhang were appointed to key positions at Misty Mountain’s Kaihuasi Temple by the government of Dayi County. Master Puguan assumed the role of abbot and oversaw Buddhist affairs within the mountain, while Master Guozhang was entrusted with overseeing the temple. Later on, Master Guozhang became the abbot of Jiewangting temple, which also located in the Misty Mountain.
Master Guo Zhang once shared with his disciples a remarkable experience: he received the Great Dharma initiation from H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III in Tibet when His Holiness was less than 5 years old.
In 2015, Master Guo Zhang passed away at the age of 108. Eleven days later, local government officials visited Jiewangting Temple and, doubting the profundity of the master’s practice, pierced his body with needles, causing blood to flow.
In China, there exists a saying that “famous temples produce famous tea since ancient times,” and the tea from Misty Mountain gained renown as early as the Tang and Song dynasties. Throughout history, the monks of Misty Mountain have often been involved in tea cultivation, using tea as sustenance, and blending Zen and tea culture. Within Misty Mountain’s expanse, ancient tea tree groves flourish, some so immense that it takes two people to encircle them. The tea leaves harvested from these trees emit a fragrant aroma and are considered the highest-quality Misty Mountain tea.
The fusion of Zen and tea culture embodies three virtues: “During Zen meditation, one stays awake all night, when one is full, tea aids in digestion, and tea is not consumed when not needed.” Tea serves to quench thirst, invigorate the senses, alleviate stress, purify the mind, nurture virtuous qualities, and has thus become an invaluable aid in Zen practice. The spiritual essence of Misty Mountain’s Zen and tea culture is encapsulated as “upright, pure, harmonious, and elegant,” with the purpose of “expressing gratitude, embracing inclusivity, sharing, and fostering connections.”
A view of the New Golden Summit, looking west. Costfoto / Barcroft Media via Getty
Clouds roll past the New Golden Summit on Mount Fanjing. Clkraus / Shutterstock
Fanjingshan, also known as Mount Fanjing, is situated in the eastern part of Guizhou Province, China, within Tongren City. It is positioned approximately 248 kilometers away from Guiyang and 220 kilometers from Zhangjiajie. Mount Fanjing proudly claims the title of being the highest peak within the Wuling Mountains, with an impressive elevation of 2572 meters. The mountain stands adorned with primitive vegetation, its landscape characterized by majestic peaks, a continuous succession of towering summits, babbling streams interwoven with cascading waterfalls.
Moreover, Fanjingshan holds great spiritual significance as a revered Buddhist site. It’s widely believed among Buddhists that Fanjingshan is a place where spiritual enlightenment akin to that of Maitreya Buddha can be attained.
The appellation “Fanjing” finds its origins in “Fantian Jingtu,” a Buddhist term that translates to “Brahma’s Pure Land.” This hallowed mountain has been acclaimed as China’s Fifth Buddhist Mountain, a distinction following the likes of Mount Wutai in Shanxi Province, Mount Putuo in Zhejiang Province, Mount Emei in Sichuan Province, and Mount Jiuhua in Anhui Province. With a history spanning over 2000 years, embellished by extraordinary rock formations and abundant biodiversity, Mount Fanjing unveils itself as a serene, distinct haven. A sojourn to this tranquil expanse offers a revitalizing and spiritual respite from the bustling clamor of urban life.
Unique geological landforms, including the “Mushroom Stone” at right. Sanyanwuji / Shutterstock
In geological terms, Mount Fanjing assumes the form of a “fold belt,” an arrangement akin to stacked layers of rock resembling an assemblage of intricate shapes, an occurrence seldom witnessed elsewhere. The Mushroom Stone serves as a prime exemplar, where layers of rock have taken on the semblance of a towering mushroom.
Throughout antiquity, Fanjing Mountain stood as a venerable hub of Buddhist culture within the Wuling Mountain range. Historical records attest to the proliferation of numerous Buddhist temples along its slopes, catering to pilgrims from around the world. Yet, during the 16th century in the Ming Dynasty, a substantial number of these temples met destruction, effectively suppressing Fanjing Mountain’s renown. The subsequent Qing Dynasty saw a revival of fortunes, with governmental initiatives aimed at temple reconstruction and expansion along the mountain’s pathway to the “Red Clouds Golden Summit.” Notable temples such as Cheng’en Temple and Baoguo Temple were erected. By 1896, the fifth phase of Fanjingshan Temple reconstruction reached its culmination, bestowing upon Fanjing Mountain an esteemed status in the global Buddhist sphere and solidifying its position as China’s “No. 5 Great Buddhist Mountain.”
Mount Fanjing boasts three soaring summits that pierce the heavens – the Red Clouds Golden Summit (2336 meters), the Old Golden Summit (2493 meters), and the Phoenix Golden Summit (2572 meters). From these majestic pinnacles, visitors are treated to breathtaking panoramic vistas of Mount Fanjing’s expansive landscape. Crowning the preeminent “Red Clouds Golden Peak” stands the remarkable Fanjingshan Temple, perched at a daring elevation of 2,336 meters above sea level. Nestled atop the columnar peak, this temple’s elusive location beckons travelers to witness its ethereal presence firsthand and capture mesmerizing, novel photographs.
Fanjingshan Temple, encompassing the revered Temple of the Buddha (释迦殿) and the Maitreya Temple (弥勒殿), graces the summit of the “Red Clouds Golden Summit” (also known as the New Golden Summit) on Fanjing Mountain. The former is dedicated to the worship of Sakyamuni, symbolizing the present, while the latter venerates Maitreya, representing the future. These two temples trace their origins back to the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, over five centuries ago. Presently, they have been meticulously reconstructed to echo their original splendor, their structures fortified with iron tiles to withstand the mountain’s formidable winds. Each temple is embodied by a single hall, constructed from meticulously arranged stone pieces measuring 5.4 meters in width and 5.55 meters in depth. A bridge gracefully connects the two temples, spanning the depths of the Gold Sword Gorge.
For pilgrims journeying to Fanjingshan, the ascent involves ascending thousands of steps to initially reach the Temple of the Buddha on the southern facet. Subsequently, crossing the bridge leads to the Maitreya Temple on the northern side of the “Red Clouds Golden Summit.” This sequence mirrors the Buddhist concept of transition from the present (Sakyamuni) to the future (Maitreya). As the “Red Clouds Golden Summit” often finds itself enshrouded by mist and enveloped in sea of clouds, standing upon the terrace outside Fanjingshan Temple offers a surreal experience of gazing upon the world from above, capturing an otherworldly perspective amidst the natural elements.
Much like the iconic Avatar Hallelujah Mountain in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, Fanjingshan stands as a towering pinnacle, slender and vertically oriented, evoking the image of a pencil standing upright on a desk. Scaling its summit requires ascending over 8,000 steps or opting for a cable car ride up from the road below. Most visitors opt for a full day to thoroughly explore this remarkable sacred mountain. Its attractions span a diverse range, encompassing the Red Cloud Golden Peak, Old Golden Summit, Ten-Thousand Sleeping Buddha, Mushroom Stone, Jiulong Pond, Fenghuang Mountain, Numerous Rolls of Books, and more.
Situated in the mountainous expanse of Guizhou Province, Fanjingshan falls within the ambit of a subtropical humid monsoon climate, distinctly marked by four seasons. Throughout the year, the average annual temperature oscillates between 13.1°C and 14.7°C. July witnesses the hottest days, with an average temperature hovering around 24°C, while January holds the chilliest nights, registering an average temperature of approximately 4.6°C. On the whole, Fanjingshan enjoys a temperate climate, graced by ample sunlight and rainfall. Summers remain moderate, and winters remain mild, with neither excessive heat nor biting cold. Rainfall predominantly occurs from May to October, while the frost-free period spans a generous 270 to 278 days annually.
The prime window to explore Mount Fanjing extends from March to November. For those seeking to capture stunning photographs, the early morning hours are particularly enchanting. The aftermath of rain unveils captivating spectacles, such as the Sea of Clouds, Zen Fog, Buddha Light, and breathtaking sunrises, which contribute to the mountain’s mystique and allure.
This YouTube documentary by the BBC was done several years ago, but is worthy of another visit as it gives us a glimpse of the various forms of Buddhism and some of the great monuments and architectural expressions in the different cultures where it took root including our own.
In this fascinating documentary, historian Bettany Hughes travels to the seven wonders of the Buddhist world and offers a unique insight into one of the most ancient belief systems still practised today. Buddhism began 2,500 years ago when one man had an amazing internal revelation underneath a peepul tree in India. Today it is practised by over 350 million people worldwide, with numbers continuing to grow year on year. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of the different beliefs and practices that form the core of the Buddhist philosophy and investigate how Buddhism started and where it travelled to, Hughes visits some of the most spectacular monuments built by Buddhists across the globe. Her journey begins at the Mahabodhi Temple in India, where Buddhism was born; here Hughes examines the foundations of the belief system – the three jewels. At Nepal’s Boudhanath Stupa, she looks deeper into the concept of dharma – the teaching of Buddha, and at the Temple of the Tooth in Sri Lanka, Bettany explores karma, the idea that our intentional acts will be mirrored in the future. At Wat Pho Temple in Thailand, Hughes explores samsara, the endless cycle of birth and death that Buddhists seek to end by achieving enlightenment, before travelling to Angkor Wat in Cambodia to learn more about the practice of meditation.
Gaomin Temple (Chinese: 高旻寺; pinyin: Gāomín Sì) is a Buddhist Temple in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province of China. The temple is situated in a semi-rural setting about 7 km south of downtown Yangzhou, on the western shore of the Old Channel of the Grand Canal of China, just south of its junction with the Yizheng-Yangzhou Canal.
Gaomin temple was first built in the Sui dynasty, and achieved its largest area in the Qing dynasty, when it was expanded twice. In 1651, Tianzhong Tower was built, as well as a temple next to it called the Tower Temple. During the Kangxi Emperor‘s (r. 1661–1722) stay in the temple in his fourth southern tour, he climbed on TianZhong Tower, overlooking the scenery, which was very beautiful and vast. Then named the temple for Gaomin Temple. At that time, Gaomin Temple, Zhenjiang’s Jinshan Temple, Chengdu’s Geyuan Temple and Xindu’s Baoguang Temple were known as the greatest four Zen temples.
Buddha Tower and TianZhong Tower By Jimmy Nov 2019
Water Pavilion and Zen Meditation Hall By Lisa Su Feb 2016
In ancient times, a great number of people in the temple became accomplished through the practice of zen. At the Gaomin Monastery in Yangzhou, basically every seven days one person would awaken to zen, becoming enlightened and accomplished. Last century, there were several Holy monks reached enlightenment from Gaomin Temple Zen seven-day retreat, such as XuYun ( 虚云), YiZhao( 意昭) and BenHuan (本焕).
Gaomin Temple’s zen practice was truly inexplicable but unfathomably profound. Gaomin Temple was famous for its strict precepts and Zen style. There were very strict and even cruel rules for monks participating in Zen seven-day retreat.
First of all, in ancient times when someone entered the Gaomin Monastery to practice zen, that person would first have to sign an agreement. That agreement was very simple. To put it bluntly, they agreed that they could be beaten to death with impunity. The one who beat them to death would not have to lose his own life. Additionally, they agreed to voluntarily carry out the dharma rules of the monastery. After they entered the monastery, they had to give up all of the dharmas that they previously learned. As soon as one arrived at Gaomin Monastery and entered the zen hall, one could not apply any previously learned dharmas.
Five people carried cudgels. Those five were called “the five great cudgel carriers.” Their specific task was to beat people. The practitioners had periods of running zen, each of which lasted the time it took for a stick of incense to burn from top to bottom. The stick of incense was not long. The practitioners had to jog. In the zen hall, many practitioners formed a circle and jogged. As they jogged, one of the cudgel carriers would strike his cudgel against something, which made a loud noise. As soon as he struck his cudgel against something, that loud noise sounded. When the jogging practitioners heard the striking sound from the cudgel, they had to immediately stop jogging. They were not allowed to jog even one more step. When the striking sound of the cudgel sounded again, they had to immediately resume their jogging.
As soon as the striking sound from his cudgel sounded, if you were still jogging, you would be taken aside and beaten to death. If you were not beaten to death, you were at the very least maimed. Thus, the minds of those practitioners were of course extremely focused. They were always focused on the sound of the cudgel. They were always fearful that they would be taken aside and severely beaten for continuing to jog after the striking of the cudgel sounded, or, if they had stopped jogging, for not immediately resuming their jogging after the striking of the cudgel sounded.
There were sitting periods as well, which lasted as long as it took for a stick of incense to burn from top to bottom. As soon as they sat down, the cudgel carriers in back of them would keep an eye on them. While sitting, the practitioners were not allowed to move in any way. The practitioners were absolutely forbidden to move. They were not permitted to recite the name of any Buddha or chant any mantra. If one was seen moving a bit, he was taken aside and severely beaten, to the extent of possible death. Therefore, after they sat down in a settled posture, as soon as the striking sound of the cudgel carrier’s cudgel could be heard, they did not dare move. They had to remain stiff for as long as the incense stick burned. They did not dare move in the slightest. The focus of their minds increased a hundredfold because they feared that they would inadvertently move, be taken aside, and be beaten, resulting in injury, deformity, or death.
There was also a rule of drinking water. The practitioners had to go to the east side to draw water and then carry the water with both hands to the west side. Only then could they drink the water. Additionally, the cup of water had to be completely filled. If a drop of water spilled to the ground as they were carrying the cup with both hands, they were taken aside and severely beaten.
Thus, the consciousness of those who practiced zen there did not wander. They did not think of other things. They did not rest. When they ate, they were not even allowed to make the sound of chopsticks hitting the bowl. As a result, their consciousness was forced to naturally not dare think of other things. Therefore, it is only natural that after our consciousness is united, we will not think things over and will not be distracted. Everyone fears being beaten to death. When you fear being beaten to death and death is used to force you, then you have no other choice. You must seriously deal with the matter. That is why in such circumstances it is very easy to cut off mistaken thinking. Through force, your thoughts are cut off. When your thoughts are cut off through force, you original nature emerges. As soon as your original nature emerges, you have broken through in your zen practice.
Therefore, by and large, at each seven-day retreat someone broke through in his zen practice at that monastery. Basically, there would be one breakthrough every seven days. How did they know someone broke through? The day someone broke through, he was ordered to write a verse for others to hear, enabling the abbot of the zen hall and the zen master to recognize him. That practitioner was later tested again to see whether he truly awakened to the truth through the practice of zen, whether he understood his mind and saw his nature.
I have great admiration for those monks who were willing to give up their lives in pursuit of the true Buddha Dharma.
Peace LiLy 