Tag: history

Ancient Buddha relics returned to India

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A joyous day for our cultural heritage! It would make every Indian proud that the sacred Piprahwa relics of Bhagwan Buddha have come home after 127 long years. These sacred relics highlight India’s close association with Bhagwan Buddha and his noble teachings. It also illustrates our commitment to preserving and protecting different aspects of our glorious culture. #VikasBhiVirasatBhi Source: https://x.com/narendramodi/status/1950483627323670760

The following article was published by the BBC News, Soutik Biswas, July 31, 2025:

Auction house Sotheby’s has returned a set of sacred jewels believed to be linked to the Buddha’s remains in India, after facing mounting pressure from the Indian government and global Buddhist leaders.

The Piprahwa Gems – described by archaeologists as one of the most astonishing finds of the modern era – were due to be auctioned in Hong Kong in May. But the sale was called off following diplomatic intervention and threats of legal action from Delhi.

The Mumbai-based conglomerate Godrej Industries Group has acquired the jewels, Sotheby’s said.

Sotheby’s said it was “delighted” to facilitate the return, following two months of negotiations involving the owner, the new buyer and the Indian government. The relics will now go on permanent public display in India, the auction house said.

Photo of William Claxton Peppé, an English estate manager, excavated the stupa and found the jewels. courtesy of the Peppé family.
William Claxton Peppé, an English estate manager, excavated the stupa and found the jewels. courtesy of the Peppé family.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the return on Wednesday, calling it a “proud and joyous moment” and a victory for the country’s cultural heritage. The relics, he said on X, were coming home after 127 years.

Godrej Industries Group, the buyer of the jewels, serves over 1.1 billion consumers worldwide across sectors including consumer goods, real estate, agriculture, finance, and chemicals, according to its website. Many of its products are household names in India.

“We are deeply honoured to contribute to this historic moment. The Piprahwa gems are not just artifacts – they are timeless symbols of peace, compassion, and the shared heritage of humanity,” Pirojsha Godrej, Executive Vice Chairperson of Godrej Industries Group, was quoted as saying in a government press statement.

Unearthed in 1898 by English estate manager William Claxton Peppé from a stupa in Piprahwa in northern India, near the Buddha’s birthplace, the cache included nearly 1,800 pearls, rubies, sapphires and gold sheets – buried alongside bone fragments identified by an inscribed urn as belonging to the Buddha himself.

Photo of The jewels were unearthed from this stupa in Piprahwa, northern India in 1898, Icon Films.
The jewels were unearthed from this stupa in Piprahwa, northern India in 1898, Icon Films.

Peppé eventually handed most of the gems, relics and reliquaries to the colonial Indian government: the bone relics went to the Buddhist King of Siam (Rama V). Five relic urns, a stone chest and most other relics were sent to the Indian Museum in Kolkata – then the Imperial Museum of Calcutta.

Photo of Four containers made of steatite (a type of stone) and one made of rock crystal were found inside a sandstone box at the Piprahwa stupa, courtesy of Peppe family.
Four containers made of steatite (a type of stone) and one made of rock crystal were found inside a sandstone box at the Piprahwa stupa, courtesy of Peppe family.

For over a century, the rest of the dazzling jewels remained largely hidden in a British private collection.

A set of 300 gems held by the Peppé family was publicly displayed at Sotheby’s Hong Kong in February and May. Over the past six years, the gems have appeared in major exhibitions, including The Met in 2023. The family has also launched a website to share their research.

Historians consider the relics the shared heritage of the Buddha’s Sakya clan and Buddhists worldwide. The bone fragments have since been distributed to countries like Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar, where they remain objects of veneration.

Photo of The jewels are considered among the most extraordinary archaeological finds of all time, courtesy of Sotheby's.
The jewels are considered among the most extraordinary archaeological finds of all time, courtesy of Sotheby’s.

The planned sale of the Buddha relics by Sotheby’s in Hong Kong had sparked widespread ethical concerns, with scholars and Buddhist leaders questioning whether sacred objects – especially those linked to human remains – should be treated as commodities.

Critics challenged the seller’s authority to auction the relics, while defenders said a transparent sale was the fairest way to transfer custody. For many Buddhists, the jewels are inseparable from the sacred remains and meant to be venerated, not sold.

“Are the relics of the Buddha a commodity that can be treated like a work of art to be sold on the market?” Naman Ahuja, a Delhi-based art historian, had told the BBC in May. “And since they aren’t, how is the seller ethically authorised to auction them?

“Since the seller is termed the ‘custodian’, I would like to ask – custodian on whose behalf? Does custodianship permit them now to sell these relics?”

Chris Peppé, great-grandson of William, had told the BBC in May that the family looked into donating the relics, but all options presented problems and an auction seemed the “fairest and most transparent way to transfer these relics to Buddhists”.

He said that in all the monasteries he had visited “no Buddhists regard these as corporeal relics”.

“A few Buddhist academics at Western universities have recently offered a convoluted, fact-defying logic whereby they may be regarded as such. It’s an academic construct that is not shared by Buddhists in general who are familiar with the details of the find,” he said.

On 7 May, Sotheby’s postponed the auction of the jewels following media reports and concerns raised by the Indian government, citing the need for further discussions. A week later, it confirmed ongoing talks with India to find a mutually agreeable resolution.

This week, confirming the return of the jewels, Sotheby’s said it was “grateful to the Peppé family for having safeguarded the gems and for having worked with us – and with the Government of India – in good faith to achieve this historic outcome”.

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2025/09/05/ancient-buddha-relics-returned-to-india/

Guangsheng Temple — The Hidden Gem of Shanxi’s Ancient Treasures

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Shanxi is often called the cradle of Chinese civilization, a province with one of the richest collections of cultural and historical relics. Guangsheng Temple is part of that story. First built during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 CE), it is one of the earliest Buddhist temples in China. Over the centuries, it has endured wars, fires, and devastating earthquakes, yet it still stands, its beauty renewed through reconstructions in the Yuan (1271–1368) and Ming (1368–1644) dynasties.

The temple complex is composed of three main parts:

  • The Upper Monastery — home to its most famous landmark, the glazed pagoda.
  • The Lower Monastery — housing grand halls and statues.
  • The Water God Temple — known for its remarkable Yuan Dynasty murals.

Rising in the upper monastery is the Flying Rainbow Pagoda (Feihongta), an octagonal, 13-story glazed brick tower reaching 47.31 meters high. Built in 1527 during the Ming Dynasty, it’s an explosion of color in the sunlight. The walls and roofs are covered in multi-colored glazed tiles — deep emerald, golden yellow, sapphire blue, and rich purples — that glisten like jewels, casting rainbow-like reflections on sunny days.

Every tier of the pagoda is adorned with intricate glazed reliefs — Buddhas in serene meditation, fierce guardian kings, bodhisattvas in flowing robes, mythical beasts, and dragons coiled in eternal motion. Inside, the foundation hall houses a five-meter-tall bronze statue of Sakyamuni Buddha, radiating quiet majesty.

This pagoda is not only beautiful — it’s a survivor. It withstood the catastrophic 1556 Shaanxi earthquake and the 1695 Pingyang earthquake, both exceeding magnitude 8.0. Its resilience is as awe-inspiring as its artistry. In 2018, it was recognized by the London-based World Record Certification as the tallest multicolored glazed pagoda in the world.

Murals of the Yuan Dynasty — Life Painted in Color

The temple’s murals are a vivid window into the Yuan Dynasty. In the Water God Temple, nearly 200 square meters of wall space is alive with color: scenes of divine processions, farmers at work, musicians playing, and children at play. One remarkable panel shows “Cuíwán” (捶丸) — a sport similar to golf — offering a glimpse into pastimes of the Yuan era.

The mural on the gable wall of the Great Hall of Sakyamuni Buddha in the lower monastery is equally stunning, painted with an expressive style that blends religious devotion with snapshots of daily life. Researchers prize these works for their artistry and for the wealth of cultural detail they reveal — clothing, architecture, social customs — all preserved in pigment for more than 700 years.

The Zhaocheng Buddhist Canon — A Literary Treasure

In 1930, during restoration work, the temple revealed another extraordinary surprise—a cache of ancient relics now preserved in the Shanxi Museum. These included Buddhist scriptures, statues, and ritual objects, some dating back hundreds of years earlier. Printed during the Yuan Dynasty, this monumental project took 24 years and the collaboration of countless monks and artisans to engrave the wooden printing blocks. The texts preserve Buddhist thought, philosophy, and art from centuries ago, making them one of China’s most precious Buddhist literary relics.

The discovery deepened Guangsheng Temple’s reputation as one of the great guardians of China’s Buddhist heritage.

Today, whether you approach as a pilgrim, an art lover, or simply a traveler drawn by curiosity, the moment you first see the rainbow-like shimmer of the Glazed Pagoda through the mountain mist is unforgettable. It is not merely a structure—it is a bridge between centuries, a beacon of faith, and a reminder that beauty, once created with devotion, can endure against time itself.

Link: https://peacelilysite.com/2025/08/15/guangsheng-temple-the-hidden-gem-of-shanxis-ancient-treasures/

Source: http://shanxi.chinadaily.com.cn/2022-05/06/c_748899.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Childlike Delight — A New Vision of the Owl

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Owls have always fascinated me with their air of enigma. Creatures of the night, they rest in the shadows by day and emerge only after dusk, rarely granting humans more than a fleeting glimpse. Across cultures, they have inspired legends both wondrous and foreboding. In ancient Greece, the wise and fearless goddess Athena chose the owl as her emblem, making it an enduring symbol of wisdom. So revered was this bird that Greek coins bore Athena’s face on one side and the owl on the other. Yet, in other parts of the world, the owl has been shrouded in darker associations, seen as a harbinger of misfortune or an omen of ill will.

In Chinese culture, the owl’s symbolism is particularly layered—holding both shadows and light. In ancient times, owls were often viewed as inauspicious creatures, linked to misfortune, death, and the old saying, “When the night owl enters a home, it never comes without cause.” And yet, in certain cultural contexts, they also stand for wisdom, keen insight, and even mysterious, almost magical power.

A Chinese ink painting by H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III

When most people picture an owl, they think of its round, unblinking eyes and penetrating gaze—features that can feel cold, even intimidating. But my perception shifted entirely when I encountered the Chinese ink painting Childlike Delight by H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III.

This is no ordinary artwork. With the freehand grace of traditional Chinese brushwork infused with a touch of dreamlike realism, it bridges the poetic subtlety of Eastern art and the fresh, luminous clarity of Western modernism.

With just a few effortless strokes, the artist creates a whimsical, pure, and gently humorous world—a dreamscape that seems to invite the viewer into the peaceful slumber of childhood. The small owl, covered with delicate ink spots of varying sizes and shades, appears almost as if glimpsed through a soft morning mist. Look closely, and you might see the tender image of a sleepy child, finger to lips, caught in that sweet moment before surrendering to dreams.

This is not a literal portrayal of nature, but rather nature reflected through the artist’s own heart—capturing not merely the physical form of a creature, but its spirit, vitality, and essence.

Here, the owl is reborn—not as the ominous figure of superstition, but as a symbol of innocence, purity, and quiet wisdom. The artist’s compassionate and unblemished inner world radiates through the painting, gently cleansing the heart of the viewer until it feels as fresh and clear as morning dew.

Childlike Delight reminds us that we can close the sharp, competitive eyes of rivalry and open instead the eyes of kindness, innocence, and warmth—gifts that have the power to heal, to inspire, and to light the world.

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2025/08/15/childlike-delight-a-new-vision-of-the-owl/

Plato and Socrates on Love, Marriage, and Happiness: Timeless Lessons for Life

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What is love?
What is marriage?
What is happiness?

These are questions that have echoed through time. The Greek philosopher Plato once asked his teacher Socrates these very questions. The answers he received were not in the form of lectures or definitions, but through simple, thought-provoking experiences that revealed profound truths about life.

What Is Love?

When Plato asked, “What exactly is love?” Socrates didn’t reply with words. Instead, he told Plato to walk through a wheat field and pick the biggest, fullest ear of wheat he could find. There was only one rule: he could pick only once, and he couldn’t turn back.

Plato returned empty-handed.

“I saw some very large and golden ears of wheat,” he explained, “but I kept thinking that there might be an even better one ahead, so I didn’t pick any. As I walked further, none of the wheat looked as good as what I had already passed. In the end, I walked out with nothing.”

Socrates smiled and said, “That is love. We often think something better lies ahead, so we pass by the one who may have been most right for us. And when we finally realize it, it’s too late to turn back.”

What Is Marriage?

Next, Plato asked, “Then what is marriage?”

Socrates responded, “Walk through the forest and cut down the biggest, strongest tree to use as a Christmas tree. Remember—you may only choose once, and you cannot turn back.”

This time, Plato returned with a tree that wasn’t the tallest or thickest, but still sturdy and pleasing.

When Socrates asked why he had picked it, Plato said, “I remembered the lesson from the wheat field. When I saw this tree and thought it was good enough, I cut it down. I was afraid that if I kept looking, I’d again end up with nothing. It may not be the best, but it’s mine—and I’m content with it.”

Socrates nodded and said, “That is marriage. It may not be perfect, but it’s real, reliable, and something you can walk through life with.”

What Is Happiness?

Finally, Plato asked, “What is happiness?”

Socrates told him to walk through a meadow and pick the most beautiful flower he could find, again under the same rule: choose only once, and no turning back.

After some time, Plato returned with a lovely flower in his hand.

Socrates asked, “Is this the most beautiful flower you saw?”

Plato answered with certainty: “When I saw this flower, I felt it was the most beautiful, so I picked it. Even though I saw other beautiful flowers later, I didn’t regret my choice. I stayed firm in my decision. This one, to me, is the most beautiful.”

Socrates smiled and said, “That is happiness. When you choose to see something as your happiness and cherish it, happiness is already yours.”

Through these three simple parables, Plato came to understand love, marriage, and happiness—not as things to chase endlessly, but as choices to recognize, embrace, and be content with.

  • Love is like the perfect ear of wheat you keep hoping to find ahead, only to realize—often too late—that what you passed by may have been the best match for you.
  • Marriage is like the tree that may not be flawless, but stands strong with you through the everyday winds and storms of life.
  • Happiness isn’t about always having the best. It’s about choosing something, valuing it, and finding contentment in it.

In a world driven by comparison, desire, and constant pursuit of “more,” true happiness arises when we stop looking outward and begin appreciating what we already have. When we make peace with our choices and nurture them with gratitude, we come to see: we already possess love, marriage, and happiness in their truest forms.

Link: https://peacelilysite.com/2025/08/05/plato-and-socrates-on-love-marriage-and-happiness-timeless-lessons-for-life/

Lingyan Temple: A Millennium of Buddhist Grace and Sculptural Treasures in the Heart of Mount Tai

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Photo from Wikipedia

Located in the northwest of Mount Tai, Lingyan Temple was founded during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and boasts a history of over 1,600 years. It is regarded as one of the most important sacred sites of Chinese Buddhist culture. Since the Tang Dynasty, Lingyan Temple has enjoyed great renown, and together with Qixia Temple in Nanjing, Guoqing Temple on Mount Tiantai in Zhejiang, and Yuquan Temple in Dangyang, Hubei, it has been hailed as one of the “Four Great Temples of China.” The eminent monk Tang Xuanzang once resided here to translate Buddhist scriptures. From Emperor Gaozong of Tang onward, many emperors stopped to worship at this temple on their way to perform imperial rites at Mount Tai, a testament to its revered historical status.

Although I personally prefer the majestic beauty of untouched natural landscapes, I was deeply moved by the profound cultural and religious artistry of Lingyan Temple. Within the temple grounds, ancient trees such as Chinese wingnut, cypress, and banyan rise skyward, creating a tranquil and sacred atmosphere. As an integral part of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage site of Mount Tai, Lingyan Temple is especially renowned for its colored clay sculptures of Arhats, which hold a prominent place in the history of Chinese sculpture.

Stepping into the solemn Thousand Buddha Hall, one is struck by the breathtaking sight of the Arhat statues—40 lifelike clay figures arranged in a semicircle along the inner walls. Among them, 29 represent disciples of Shakyamuni and Indian masters such as Bodhidharma and Kumarajiva. The remaining 11 depict eminent Chinese monks, including Huiyuan, Huike, Huichong, and various abbots of Lingyan Temple. According to inscriptions and scholarly research, the original set consisted of 32 statues, first created in the third year of the Zhiping reign of Emperor Yingzong of the Song Dynasty (1066). Additional painting and sculpting were done in the first year of the Zhiyuan reign (1328) during the Yuan Dynasty. The Thousand Buddha Hall was renovated in the 15th year of the Wanli reign (1587) in the Ming Dynasty, at which time the number of Arhats was increased to 40. The final touch-up was completed in the 13th year of the Tongzhi reign (1874) of the Qing Dynasty.

Each statue stands about 1.6 meters tall and is seated on a waist-high brick pedestal roughly 80 centimeters in height, with the top of each statue rising 105 to 110 centimeters above the seat. The overall sculptural style is remarkably realistic, emphasizing the individuality and inner spirit of each figure: square faces, prominent noses, distinct facial features, and dynamic, textured robe patterns. The ancient artisans broke away from conventional, stylized Buddhist iconography and instead grounded their work in real life, endowing each Arhat with unique expressions and postures—some sit in meditation, others clasp their hands or hold staffs; some appear ragged and emaciated, while others exude noble dignity and elegance. Each figure is infused with spirit and personality, appearing almost alive, as if they might speak or move at any moment.

What’s even more astonishing is the meticulous attention to detail in both facial expressions and bodily movement, as well as the relationship between the robes and the human form. The flowing lines of the garments, the way the folds respond to motion, and the tactile quality of the fabric all reflect a masterful understanding of form and rhythm. One medical expert even remarked that, “Through the Arhats’ robes, one can perceive the ancients’ precise grasp of human anatomy.”

The Arhat sculptures at Lingyan Temple are not only masterpieces of religious art but also represent the pinnacle of ancient Chinese realistic sculpture. The renowned scholar Liang Qichao once visited the site and inscribed a stone tablet calling them “The finest sculptures in the land.” Famed art master Liu Haisu also praised them, writing: “The Arhats of Lingyan—first under heaven—vivid and lifelike, with flesh and spirit.”

Lingyan Temple is more than a place of worship—it is a living chronicle of Buddhist heritage carved from clay and shaped by the hands of genius. Whether you are a devout practitioner, a history enthusiast, or an art lover, a visit to Lingyan Temple will surely leave you moved by its rich cultural legacy and breathtaking artistic beauty.

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2025/07/31/lingyan-temple-a-millennium-of-buddhist-grace-and-sculptural-treasures-in-the-heart-of-mount-tai/

The Pope of Buddhism His Holiness Dorje Chang Buddha III

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The conferment of the Pope of Buddhism to His Holiness Dorje Chang Buddha III originated in January 2018 when the World Peace Prize Awarding Council and World Peace Prize Religious Leaders Title Awarding Council passed the resolution to confer to H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III the title of Pope of Buddhism, the highest leader of Buddhism in this world. However, His Holiness the Buddha refused to accept the conferment.

The Pope of Buddhism H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III

For the sake of propagating Buddha Dharma and benefitting living beings, the World Buddhism Association Headquarters took the liberty to accept the conferment decree and the Pope of Buddhism Scepter. When the World Buddhism Association Headquarters respectfully presented the Pope of Buddhism Scepter and conferment decree to H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III, His Holiness the Buddha III said: “I see that on top of this Scepter is the seated Shakyamuni Buddha, we should be respectful to Namo Shakyamuni Buddha.” His Holiness the Buddha then raised the Scepter above His head and made a symbolic closed palm gesture with one hand to express His respects. However, H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III also expressed that He is just a humble cultivator and resolutely would not accept such a conferment. Hence, His Holiness the Buddha immediately returned the conferment decree and the Pope of Buddhism Scepter to the two Councils.

On September 23, 2020, the World Peace Prize Awarding Council and World Peace Prize Religious Leaders Title Awarding Council passed an ultimate joint resolution, determining that the return of the Pope of Buddhism Scepter and conferment decree by H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III was not effectible. On September 24, the joint Chair of the World Peace Prize Awarding Council and World Peace Prize Religious Leaders Title Awarding Council Suzi Leggett made the ultimate announcement at the Holy Miracles Temple of the World Buddhism Association Headquarters: “Over the past several decades, the World Peace Prize Awarding Council has presented the World Peace Prize to presidents, spiritual leaders, and prime ministers of many nations, including President Ronald Reagan, Hon. Mahatma Gandhi, and H.E. Yitzhak Rabin. There has never been a precedence of an award being retracted or returned. All determinations made and implemented by our Councils are very solemn, serious, and absolutely cannot be changed. The return of the Pope of Buddhism Scepter and conferment decree by H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III is deemed not effectible. The title, status, and authority of the Pope of Buddhism belong only to H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III, and cannot be exercised by anyone else.” Chair Leggett once again requested that the World Buddhism Association Headquarters accept and present to H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III the Pope of Buddhism Scepter and conferment decree that His Holiness the Buddha previously returned.

Representing the World Buddhism Association Headquarters, Venerable Mozhi Rinpoche accepted the conferment decree and Pope of Buddhism Scepter. He said during his speech, “The World Buddhism Association Headquarters considers that the decision made by the two Councils is remarkably proper and sagacious.

“Ever since Namo Shakyamuni Buddha entered parinirvāṇa, there has not been a supreme leader who has the authority to guide all Buddhists the same way that the Buddha did. However, the authoritative position of the Pope of Buddhism certainly is not a role that a leader of a single Buddhist sect would have the attributes to fulfill; rather, the Pope must be a leader who has authority over the entirety of Buddhism, namely, a Buddha.

“Namo H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III holds the perfect teachings of Buddhism and meets the criteria used by all Buddhist sects to recognize a Buddha. His inherent nature is in accord with that of a Buddha. His unsurpassed, complete, and perfect enlightenment is in accord with that of a Buddha. Just based on the accomplishment of H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III in Lifting the Pestle onto the Platform, surpassing His own base weight standard by 59 levels, no one else can possibly reach such a record.

“The state of virtue of H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III is that of a Buddha. His Holiness the Buddha has perfect mastery of Exoteric and Esoteric Buddhism, perfect accomplishments in the Five Vidyas, and so forth, all of which accord with the unsurpassed, complete, and perfect enlightenment of a Buddha.

“In more than 2,000 years, there has not been a Buddhist Holy Guru in this world who possesses the same Buddha level qualities. Just by the facts that H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III vowed and carries out the vow to benefit living beings purely on a voluntary basis and does not accept any offerings throughout His entire life, and that He possesses perfect wisdom and unimpeded accomplishments, no other Holy Guru can be of comparison. Only Namo H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III can take on this immensely noble, holy, and heavy responsibility of the Pope of Buddhism, to properly guide Buddhists onto the correct path of learning Buddhism.

“Therefore, on behalf of Buddhists, the World Buddhism Association Headquarters thanks the World Peace Prize Awarding Council and the World Peace Prize Religious Leaders Title Awarding Council for having made the ultimate decision.”

H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III is selfless and noble, and the first person in Buddhism to possess substantive holy realization power of a Buddha and perfectly flawless accomplishments at the pinnacle of the Five Vidyas. These are the qualities that no other eminent Buddhist monastic or virtuous person in this world has so perfectly attained. It is naturally a matter of course that H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III is the veritable Pope of Buddhism.

Source: https://asianjournal.com/life-style/arts-culture/the-pope-of-buddhism-his-holiness-dorje-chang-buddha-iii/

Why Ancient Roman Buildings Still Stand—And Modern Ones Don’t

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Have you ever stood before the Pantheon in Rome or looked up at the towering aqueducts from ancient times and thought:
“How are these structures—built over 2,000 years ago—still standing strong, while modern buildings crack, rust, and collapse in just a few decades?”

It’s not a miracle. It’s ancient wisdom and material science far ahead of its time.

By Rabax63 – File:Pantheon_Rom_1.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87626466

Pantheon, Rome, c. 125 C.E. (photo: Darren Puttock, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

Sanctae Mariae Rotundae (photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

🏛 The Secret of Roman Concrete

Unlike the Portland cement we use today, ancient Roman concrete was made with volcanic ash (pozzolana), lime, water, and volcanic rock. This special mix triggered a chemical reaction known as the pozzolanic reaction, which formed a remarkably stable and durable material.

From https://news.mit.edu/2023/roman-concrete-durability-lime-casts-0106

This volcanic ash came from regions like Campi Flegrei near Naples, rich in silica and alumina. When mixed with lime and water, it formed bonds that strengthened over time—rather than weakened.

🌊 Stronger with Time—Even Underwater

Even more amazing? Roman concrete exposed to sea water didn’t erode—it grew stronger. Scientists discovered that seawater reacted with the volcanic materials to create a rare mineral called tobermorite, which reinforced the concrete’s internal structure.

This is why many ancient Roman ports and sea walls still stand intact after 2,000 years—even without modern rebar or waterproofing.

Ruins in Privernum, near Rome, where researchers collected ancient concrete samples from a bordering city wallREDA & CO srl/Alamy

🔧 Self-Healing Capabilities

Roman concrete even had a kind of “self-healing” ability. When small cracks formed, water seeping into the cracks would trigger new chemical reactions, filling the gaps with more binding minerals and sealing the damage naturally.

No wonder structures like the Pantheon’s massive unreinforced concrete dome—still the largest in the world—have stood strong for two millennia.

Today’s concrete (Portland cement) is fast to produce and easy to use—but it’s not built to last. It’s vulnerable to carbonization, water infiltration, and the corrosion of internal steel reinforcements. Many modern buildings begin to deteriorate in as little as 50 to 100 years.

What’s more, many structures are built with thinner supports and cheaper materials to cut costs and speed up construction—further sacrificing long-term durability.

Ancient Roman builders weren’t just engineers—they were environmental designers who worked with nature rather than against it. Their materials were local, natural, and synergistic. They designed for longevity, not just appearance or convenience.

Modern architecture, for all its technological advancements, could learn a powerful lesson:
Durability is a form of sustainability.

We often assume that more advanced technology means better quality. But perhaps what truly makes a structure strong isn’t just engineering—it’s wisdom, respect for nature, and a mindset rooted in harmony and longevity.

If we embrace these ancient insights, maybe our future buildings won’t just house us—they’ll endure for generations.

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2025/07/21/why-ancient-roman-buildings-still-stand-and-modern-ones-dont/

Discover Longxing Temple: A Timeless Treasure of Chinese Buddhism

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Longxing Temple, also known as the Great Buddha Temple, is one of China’s oldest, largest, and best-preserved Buddhist temples. This extraordinary complex is not only a sacred site but also a magnificent testament to the architectural genius and spiritual devotion of ancient China.

Located at No. 109 Zhongshan East Road in Zhengding County, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, Longxing Temple sprawls across an impressive 82,500 square meters.

Originally established in 586 CE during the Sui Dynasty under the name Longcang Temple, it was later renamed Longxing Temple during the Tang Dynasty. In 971 CE, Emperor Taizu of the Northern Song Dynasty issued an edict to cast an enormous bronze Thousand-Armed Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva and build the splendid Hall of Great Compassion to house it.

This marked the beginning of large-scale expansion, culminating in a grand Song Dynasty architectural complex centered on the hall. Through the Jin, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties, the temple saw continued renovation and growth. In the Qing Dynasty, both Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors decreed extensive rebuilding, shaping the temple’s current layout:

  • The eastern section served as monks’ quarters
  • The central axis hosted Buddhist ceremonies
  • The western area functioned as the imperial palace quarters

In 1710, Emperor Kangxi personally inscribed the name “Longxing Temple,” an honor that reflects its enduring importance.

Today, visitors can trace a north–south axis that passes through a series of majestic structures: the Hall of Heavenly Kings, Mani Hall, the Ordination Altar, the Revolving Sutra Library, and more than a dozen other halls and pavilions. The complex is celebrated as a textbook example of ancient Chinese Buddhist temple design.

Recognized among China’s ten most famous temples, Longxing Temple was declared a Major National Historical and Cultural Site in 1961 and later designated a National AAAA Tourist Attraction.

Highlights Not to Miss

Hall of Heavenly Kings

First built in the Northern Song Dynasty, this is the oldest surviving structure of its kind within the temple. Even after a major renovation in 1780, its main timber frame remains original.

Above the entrance, plaques bearing the calligraphy of the Kangxi Emperor read:

“Imperially Established Longxing Temple”
“Hall of Heavenly Kings”

Inside stands the famous Big-Bellied Maitreya Buddha, a Jin Dynasty wood carving over 800 years old. Thoroughly localized in Chinese style, this smiling figure derives from the legendary monk Qici, known for his benevolence and laughter.

On either side stand the Four Great Heavenly Kings, each symbolizing auspicious natural forces:

  • Wind (Southern King, with a sword)
  • Harmony (Eastern King, with a lute)
  • Rain (Northern King, with a precious umbrella)
  • Compliance (Western King, with a coiled snake)

Together, they express the blessing of abundant harvests and national peace.

Mani Hall

Built in 1052, Mani Hall has an unusual cross-shaped floor plan created by four gabled annexes extending from its square central chamber.

Inside, five golden clay Buddha statues preside over the altar, with Shakyamuni Buddha at the center.

The hall’s north wall showcases a breathtaking polychrome relief nearly 16 meters long, depicting swirling clouds, celestial beings, and Avalokiteshvara stepping onto a lotus—symbolizing the entrance to the Western Pure Land.

At the heart of this scene sits the Backward-Facing Avalokiteshvara, so named because she faces north instead of south. Far from a supernatural image, this Avalokiteshvara appears as a serene, youthful woman with an expression so vivid and gentle it moves all who gaze upon her.

Visitors often remark:

“How beautiful—how extraordinary! She sits so naturally, one leg casually crossed, her eyes meeting yours wherever you stand. Her smile is as enigmatic as the Mona Lisa—truly ‘The Most Beautiful Avalokiteshvara.’”

Ordination Altar

Reserved for the most important temples, the Ordination Altar was where monks received their vows.

Inside the altar stands a unique double-sided bronze Buddha statue. Facing south is Amitabha Buddha, and facing north is Medicine Buddha. The two figures share a single body, seated back to back in lotus posture.

The statues are depicted in full lotus position, wearing five-leaf crowns, with round, gentle faces. Their necks are adorned with necklaces and their arms with bangles, while flowing sashes drape gracefully from their shoulders. Amitabha’s hands form the meditation mudra, while Medicine Buddha’s hands display the gesture of compassion.

Their expressions are serene and tranquil, exuding a quiet dignity and solemn beauty in their elegant simplicity.

Longteng Garden

To the northeast lies Longteng Garden, a Ming and Qing–style garden combining cultural heritage and tranquil scenery.

Here you’ll find:

  • Northern Dynasties stone statues
  • A Jin Dynasty scripture pillar
  • A Yuan Dynasty mural tomb
  • The Ming Dynasty Longquan Well Pavilion
  • The “Three Generations of Vice Ministers” stone archway

Meandering through its pavilions, terraces, and lush paths feels like stepping into a living scroll of history.

Cultural Traditions

Imperial Buddhist Ceremony Performance

Zhengding’s Longxing Temple is an imperial temple that was visited and funded for repairs by emperors over many dynasties. According to The Chronicles of Longxing Temple, in the 49th year of Emperor Kangxi’s reign (1710 CE), the emperor ordered funds to be allocated from the national treasury to restore Longxing Temple. After the renovations were completed, Emperor Kangxi personally came to pay homage and bestowed 19 inscribed plaques, including one reading “Longxing Temple Constructed by Imperial Decree,” all handwritten by himself.

At the end of 2011, drawing on historical records, the Cultural Heritage Office re-created the Grand Imperial Buddhist Ceremony, reenacting the scene of Emperor Kangxi’s arrival at Longxing Temple, the local officials welcoming the imperial entourage, and the emperor bestowing plaques, offering incense, and performing rituals to honor the Buddha.

Thousand-Armed Avalokiteshvara Performance

Inside the Great Compassion Pavilion of Zhengding’s Longxing Temple stands a bronze statue of the Thousand-Armed, Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteshvara, measuring 21.3 meters in height. Cast in the 4th year of the Kaibao era of the Northern Song Dynasty (971 CE), this towering bronze figure is remarkable both for its immense size and its exquisite craftsmanship.

It is the tallest and oldest ancient bronze Buddha statue of its kind in the world. It is not only a symbol of Longxing Temple but also an emblem of the ancient city of Zhengding.

The Thousand-Armed Avalokiteshvara Performance features graceful melodies and captivating dance that vividly convey the divine presence and compassion of the bodhisattva.

Longxing Temple is more than a historical monument—it is a living symbol of Chinese Buddhist art, architecture, and spirituality. Whether you come for quiet reflection, cultural discovery, or simply to stand before centuries of devotion, this magnificent temple will leave a lasting impression on your heart.

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2025/07/04/discover-longxing-temple-a-timeless-treasure-of-chinese-buddhism/

Wealth Without Integrity: A Cautionary Tale from the Buddha

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The Buddha once taught at the Jeta Grove in Anathapindika’s Park in the kingdom of Shravasti. At that time, there lived a wealthy elder whose fortune was immeasurable. He had five intelligent daughters but no sons. Upon his passing, the law dictated that if no male heir existed, the family estate would be seized by the state. However, the elder’s wife was pregnant. His daughters humbly petitioned the king to delay the confiscation until the child was born.

Not long after, a baby boy was born. Yet to everyone’s shock, the child was severely deformed—he had no eyes, ears, tongue, hands, or feet, only male genitals. Despite this, the king acknowledged him as the rightful heir, saving the family’s wealth. The boy was named Mantuipili.

Puzzled by this karmic outcome, an elder approached the Buddha and asked, “Why would a child be born into such wealth, yet with such tragic physical deformities?”

The Buddha then revealed a powerful story from a distant past:

In a previous life, there were two noble brothers: Dhanavasita, the elder, and Shilavasita, the younger. Dhanavasita was known for his honesty and generosity from a young age. He gave freely to the poor and upheld moral integrity. Because of his character, the king appointed him as a judge, and people trusted his word above all else. At that time, written debt contracts were unnecessary—a judge’s witness sufficed.

One day, a merchant preparing for a sea voyage borrowed a large sum from Shilavasita. Bringing his young son and the money, Shilavasita went to Dhanavasita and asked, “Brother, this merchant has borrowed money. Please bear witness. If anything happens to me, ensure my son receives what is owed.”

Dhanavasita agreed. Soon after, Shilavasita passed away. The merchant’s ship was wrecked in a storm, and he barely survived, returning empty-handed. Out of compassion, Shilavasita’s son decided not to demand repayment while the merchant was destitute.

Years later, the merchant sailed again and returned wealthy. Believing the boy had forgotten or was too kind to collect the debt, the merchant decided to test him. He paraded into the city riding a jeweled horse, dressed in luxurious robes. Seeing this, the boy sent someone to request the repayment.

The merchant, seeking to avoid repayment, schemed to silence the judge. He offered a precious gem worth 100,000 silver coins to Dhanavasita’s wife, asking her to persuade the judge not to testify. She warned, “My husband is a man of virtue, but I’ll try.”

That evening, she told the judge. Dhanavasita was unwavering: “I was made a judge because of my honesty. I cannot speak even a single false word.” She returned the gem.

The merchant returned with a gem worth 200,000 silver coins, and the wife—overcome by greed—accepted. That night, she again tried to persuade her husband. He refused once more, saying, “If I lie, I will lose all honor in this life and suffer in future lives.”

In desperation, the wife threatened, “If you don’t comply, I’ll kill our child and take my own life!” Dhanavasita was heartbroken. He agonized: “If I refuse, I lose my child. If I agree, I lose my integrity and invite endless suffering.”

Overwhelmed, he gave in.

The merchant, emboldened, paraded through the streets again—this time on a jewel-adorned elephant. The boy approached him: “It’s time to repay the debt.”

Feigning confusion, the merchant said, “What debt? Who witnessed this?”
The boy replied, “My father and I gave you the money, and my uncle, the judge, was the witness.”
The two went before the judge. The boy recounted the event.
To his shock, the judge responded, “I know nothing of this matter.”
The boy cried out, “Uncle! You saw it with your own eyes and agreed to witness it. How can you deny this?”
The judge replied coldly, “That never happened.”

In deep pain, the boy exclaimed, “You were trusted for your integrity and chosen to judge others. If you betray your own nephew, how many others have suffered injustice? The truth will be known in time.”

The Buddha then turned to the elder and said: “Do you know who that judge was? He is now the deformed child, Mantuipili. Because he uttered just one false word, he fell into the great hell realms and endured tremendous suffering. For five hundred lifetimes, he was born with severe deformities. Yet due to his past acts of generosity, he continued to be born into wealthy families.

This is the law of karma. Good and evil never cancel each other out—each brings its own result, no matter how long it takes.

Therefore, practice diligently. Guard your body, speech, and mind. Never create evil karma lightly.”

This profound tale offers a timeless lesson. A single dishonest act can result in unimaginable suffering, even over lifetimes. On the other hand, a heart inclined toward generosity continues to yield blessings, regardless of outer form.

Buddhism teaches us to live with integrity, mindfulness, and compassion—not only for the peace of this life, but for the well-being of lives to come.

link: https://peacelilysite.com/2025/06/25/wealth-without-integrity-a-cautionary-tale-from-the-buddha/

Turpan’s Hidden Lifelines: The Ingenious Karez Irrigation System of Xinjiang

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Nestled in the heart of Xinjiang, the Turpan Basin holds several extraordinary records: it’s the lowest geographical point in China, and during summer, it’s the hottest place in the country. With scorching sunlight, relentless winds, and almost no rainfall, Turpan earns its title as the “Land of Fire.”

In the peak of summer, the surface temperature in the surrounding Gobi Desert can soar to 82.3°C (180.1°F), while the air temperature often exceeds 49°C (120°F). Rain is almost nonexistent—Turpan receives an average of just 16.4 mm of rainfall annually, and in some years, as little as 4.3 mm. Yet, amidst this harsh, parched environment, an ancient miracle has quietly sustained life for over two thousand years: the Karez irrigation system.

A Miracle Beneath the Earth

While nature was unforgiving above ground, it hid a gift below. Meltwater from the distant Tianshan Mountains seeps underground through coarse gravel and sand, eventually blocked by the Flaming Mountains and surfacing as springs. Ingenious local people found a way to capture and guide this underground treasure—thus, the Karez was born.

The Karez system channels water from mountain sources through a network of underground tunnels and vertical shafts, delivering it to the arid land without evaporation loss. Remarkably, this ancient system operates entirely without pumps, relying solely on gravity and terrain.

A complete Karez includes:

  • Vertical shafts for ventilation and maintenance
  • Underground tunnels to carry water
  • Open canals to distribute it
  • Storage ponds to hold it

Across Turpan’s landscape, you can still see long rows of small mounds—each one marking a shaft, a glimpse into the remarkable infrastructure below.

A Testament to Ingenuity and Endurance

The origins of the Karez can be traced back to the Han Dynasty, over 2,000 years ago. Most of the surviving systems were built during the Qing Dynasty, including during historical moments like Lin Zexu’s fourth inspection of Turpan, when over 300 new Karez channels were added, and Zuo Zongtang’s campaigns, which saw nearly 200 more constructed.

At its peak in the 1950s, there were about 1,700 Karez systems in Turpan, stretching over 3,000 kilometers. Today, about 725 remain, a number slowly dwindling due to modernization, drought, and human impact.

The construction of each Karez was no small feat. Generations of laborers worked in dark, narrow tunnels, often barefoot in icy water, chiseling stone with simple tools and oil lamps. They carried earth and rock out by hand, surviving on dry flatbread and enduring brutal conditions.

A Culture of Water, Wisdom, and Survival

More than just a hydraulic system, the Karez represents a culture—a story of human resilience, harmony with nature, and intergenerational wisdom. In this water-scarce land, the Karez has nurtured lush vineyards, fertile fields, and diverse communities, offering life where none should thrive.

Today, many of these systems are dry or abandoned, relics of a past shaped by necessity and brilliance. But for those who walk among them, they are still very much alive—whispers from the earth, reminding us of what is possible when people respect and work with nature.

If you ever find yourself in Turpan, do not miss the chance to explore the Karez wells. They are more than ancient engineering marvels—they are monuments of perseverance, and living echoes of a civilization that made the desert bloom.

Link:https://peacelilysite.com/2025/06/18/turpans-hidden-lifelines-the-ingenious-karez-irrigation-system-of-xinjiang/